Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 14 Digestive System And Nutrition

Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 14 Digestive System and Nutrition
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ANSWER LEARNING OUTCOME / Chapter 14 Digestive System and NutritionChapter 14 Digestive System and NutritionPlease answer the below questions (the learning outcomes) from the textbook I attached the textbook. Answer and discuss each learning outcome in 2 or 3 sentences.Your answer will be like this: example: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.14.1 Learning Outcomes: The Digestive Tract 1. Upon completion of this section, you should be able to
Summarize the function of each organ of the digestive system
Chapter 14 1.1
* The mouth takes food into the body. Salivary glands send saliva into the mouth, where the teeth chew the food and the tongue forms a bolus for swallowing.
* The mouth takes food into the body. Salivary glands send saliva into the mouth, where the teeth chew the food and the tongue forms a bolus for swallowing.
* The pharynx is a zone of passage between the mouth and the esophagus, and also between the nose and larynx. The muscles that form it perform the appropriate movements that allow swallowing.
* The esophagus is the passage between the pharynx and the stomach and the transports food bolus from the mouth and pharynx to the stomach. The organ performs involuntary movements called peristalsis, to push the food from top to bottom.
* The stomach – the esophagus empties into the stomach, a dilation of the digestive tube in the form of a bag with an entrance above, the cardia, and an outlet below, the pylorus, which leads to the small intestine. The mouth is involved in secretion of acid and mucus, enzyme secretion, mixing and emptying the content and absorption,
* The small intestine is made up of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum and all three produce digestive enzymes and contribute to the decomposition and absorption of food
* The large intestine begins at the cecum, which has a pouch called the appendix (vermiform appendix) attached. The large intestine continues as the colon and rectum, and ends at the anus. The large intestine absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins.
2. Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion and note where each step specifically occurs. 
Mechanical digestion begins with the chewing of food in the mouth and continues with the churning and mixing of food in the stomach.
During chemical digestion, many different enzymes break down macromolecules to small organic molecules that can be absorbed, and no chemical digestion occurs in the pharynx and esophagus3. Compare the structural features and functions of the small intestine versus the large intestine. The wall of the small intestine has folds that bear fingerlike projections (villi). The microvilli, which project from the villi, absorb the products of digestion into the blood capillaries and the lacteals of the villi. The large intestine includes the colon and the rectum and the colon is a tubular structure that is around smaller than the small bowel. The large intestine absorbs water from the indigestible food matter and then transmits the useless waste material from the body
14.2 Learning Outcomes: Accessory Organs of Digestion Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Summarize the major functions of the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains sodium bicarbonate and enzymes that chemically digest starch, protein, and fat.
The liver receives blood from the small intestine by way of the hepatic portal vein and helps to detoxify the harmful substances as well monitor the blood glucose concentration.
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, until it is secreted into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
2. Describe the structure and function of the hepatic portal system. A portal system in blood circulation begins and ends in capillaries including the hepatic portal system. The system is associated with the liver where the small intestine first absorbs products of digestion and the nutrient molecules then travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver then monitors the blood content and the blood enters circulation via the hepatic veins that empty into the interior vena cava. The hepatic system collects blood from the intestines to the liver, and influences absorption of food.
14.3 Learning Outcomes: Digestive Enzymes Upon completion of this section, you should be able to1. Describe the overall function of digestive enzymes. Digestive enzymes speed up specific reactions at optimum body temperature and pH and they break down food into smaller molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol, which can be absorbed.
2. Compare the specific types of chemical digestion that take place in the mouth, stomach, and small...