Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 20 Endocrine System

Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 20 Endocrine System Name Course Date ANSWER LEARNING OUTCOME / CHAPTER 20 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 20 Endocrine System Please answer the below questions (the learning outcomes) from the textbook I attached the textbook. Answer and discuss each learning outcome in 2 or 3 sentences.Your answer will be like this: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.20.1 Learning Outcomes: Overview of the Endocrine System Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Identify the endocrine glands of the human body. Chapter 20 1.1 Pituitary gland (hypophysis) Hypothalamus Thymus gland Thyroid Parathyroid glands Adrenal gland Pineal gland Reproductive organs (ovaries and testes) 2. Compare the mechanism of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones.  The peptide hormones are hydrophilic and lipophobic, which indicates that they do not freely pass through a cell’s plasma membrane. The hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of and then the second messenger initiatives the cell activity and the second messengers are necessary to amplify the initial signal. A steroid hormone passes through the target cell’s plasma membrane before binding to a receptor in the nucleus or cytoplasm. These types of hormones are lipophilic (combining or dissolving in lipids or fats), which allows them to diffuse across a cell’s plasma membrane. The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, and gene expression follows. 3. Differentiate between first messengers and second messengers.  The first messenger is a hormone that acts on the target cell in its specific receptor, and it at times induces the formation of another intracellular messenger, which is the second messenger G proteins are heterotrimers with different classes of subunits and they can bind the GTP or GDP nucleotides. The α subunit activates an adenylate cyclase located in the membrane that converts ATP into cAMP (second messenger), and the hormone increases the intracellular levels of cAMP. 4. Define pheromones, and provide an example of pheromone activity in humans.  Pheromones are the chemical signals that act between individuals of the same species. For instance, female moths and butterflies release a sex attractant that attracts the moths and butterflies and the male antennae detects this miles away. 1 Learning Outcomes: Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandUpon completion of this section, you should be able to  1. Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.  Humans are constantly subjected to the variations in the environment, which they interact with and as consequences adaptive responses are required that enable the regulation of all its functions and its internal stability. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a unit that controls the function of several endocrine glands - thyroid, adrenal and gonads and various physiological activities. Neurons in the hypothalamus (neurosecretory cells), produce the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, while the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by producing hypothalamic-releasing hormones and other times the hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones. 2. List two hormones released by the posterior pituitary and six produced by the anterior pituitary.  Posterior pituitary * Oxytocin * Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin Anterior pituitary * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) * Prolactin * Luteinising hormone (LH) * Growth hormone (GH) * Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)3. Recognize which three pituitary hormones act on other endocrine glands.  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)20.3 Learning Outcomes Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Identify the anatomical location of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Thyroid- anterior neck and attached to the trachea just below the larynx Parathyroid glands - posterior surface of the thyroid gland 2. Distinguish between the functions of T3, T4, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone The thyroid gland has numerous follicles, each a small spherical structure made of thyroid cells that produce triiodothyronine (T3), which contains three iodine atoms, and thyroxine (T 4), which contains four iodine atoms. T3 and T4 increase the metabolic rate of most cells in the body. Calcitonin helps to lower the blood calcium level through reducing the activity of osteoclasts in the bone. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH this raises the blood calcium, and decreases the blood phosphate level. 20.4 Learning Outcomes Adrenal Glands Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Describe the location of the adrenal glands in the body. Adrenal glands are located atop the kidneys 2. List the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex and provide a function for each. Adrenal medulla Epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Adrenal cortex Mineralocorticoids regulate salt and water balance, and this result in increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, and this increases the blood glucose level. The adrenal cortex also secretes small amounts of male and female sex hormones in both sexes. 3. Distinguish between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones.  Mineralocorticoid hormones such as aldosterone influence electrolyte transport balance and the distribution of water in tissues. Aldosterone mainly targets the kidne...