Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 15 Respiratory System

Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 15 Respiratory System Name Institution Date ANSWER LEARNING OUTCOME / Chapter 15 Respiratory System Chapter 15 Respiratory System Please answer the below questions (the learning outcomes) from the textbook I attached the textbook. Answer and discuss each learning outcome in 2 or 3 sentences.Your answer will be like this: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.15.1 Learning Outcome: The Respiratory System Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Summarize the major functions of the respiratory system. Chapter 15 1.1 The respiratory system allows O2 from the air to enter the blood, and CO2 from the blood to exit the body. This occurs during ventilation and includes both includes inspiration and expiration 2. Trace the path of air from the human nose to the lungs. Breathing is an involuntary and automatic process, which occurs because muscular action of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. The first phase of breathing is inhalation. Through the nose, an amount of air is captured, which and towards the lungs. To give space, there is increase in the thoracic volume. The next phase is expiration, where the thoracic cage decreases its capacity and the lungs allow air to escape to the outside. Air travel depends on inspiration, where the air enters the nose, where it gets warms is moistened and cleansed. It then passes through the pharynx and then reaches the tonsils, which act as a filter destroying pathogenic organisms. The air travel continues through the larynx and then through the trachea, which is divided into two bronchi, which, in turn, are connected to the lungs. The bronchi branch and end in the pulmonary alveoli. In the lungs when oxygen has been inhaled and reaches the lungs, where there is gaseous exchange within the blood 3. Describe the layers of cells a molecule of oxygen must pass through when diffusing from a lung alveolus into a red blood cell, and from the red blood cell into the tissues.  Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries and then enters a red blood cell. Oxygen then binds to a molecule of hemoglobin and is carried through blood vessels to a capillary and oxygen then diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues. 15.2 Learning Outcome: Mechanism of Breathing 1. Identify the different respiratory volumes that can be measured with a spirometer Chapter 15 2.2 Residual volume (RV) 1,200 mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1,200-2,400 mL Tidal volume (TV) 2,400-2,900 mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)2,900-5,800 mL The total lung capacity (TLC)= TV + IRV + ERV + RV 2. Contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration Breathing is the process by which oxygen is absorbed from the environment and gases, particularly carbon dioxide, are removed. Inspiration is one of the phases of breathing, specifically in which air is inhaled from the external environment into the body, so as to obtain the oxygen necessary to carry out metabolic processes. On the other hand, during expiration, the organism discards residual gases, specifically carbon dioxide. Inspiration is an active process where the diaphragm contracts, oxygen are extracted from the air. The intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure and the lungs expand. Expiration is a passive process where the diaphragm is relaxed and there is release of carbon dioxide. The intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure and it can occur voluntarily or involuntarily, while the lungs contract. 3. Indicate how ventilation is controlled by nervous and chemical mechanisms.  In the nervous control of breathing (ventilation), the respiratory center stimulates the external intercostal (rib) muscles and diaphragm to contract via the phrenic nerve. After forced inhalation, stretch receptors send inhibitory nerve impulses to the respiratory center via the vagus nerve, exp...