Answer Learning Outcomes / Chapter 17 Nervous System

Answer Learning Outcomes / Chapter 17 Nervous System Name Institution Date ANSWER LEARNING OUTCOME / Chapter 17 Nervous System Chapter 17 Nervous SystemPlease answer the below questions (the learning outcomes) from the textbook I attached the textbook. Answer and discuss each learning outcome in 2 or 3 sentences.Your answer will be like this: example: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.17.1 Learning Outcomes: Nervous Tissue 1. Compare and contrast the location and function of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system Chapter 17 1.1 The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is located in the midline of the body. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands. The two nervous systems are anatomically and functionally distinct, but they work together and are connected to one another. 2. Describe the basic structure of a neuron and compare the functions of the three classes of neurons. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, and the neurons composed of a set of cells or cell body, and these cells have a nucleus dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate with each other and send and receive the nerve impulses. There are three types of neurons the sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons carry nerve information to the CNS and sensory receptors that are endings. It is these neurons that allow people receive sensory information and send it to the brain and spinal cord. The interneurons lie within the CNS and can receive input from sensory neurons and also from other interneurons in the CNS. The motor neurons take messages away from the CNS to an effector such as organ and muscle fiber, and the effectors carry out our responses to environmental changes. 3. Explain the structure, function, and locations of myelin. Myelin is a lipid rich fatty substance that covers or accompanies axons and is necessary in the conduction of nervous impulses maintaining axonal integrity and the myelin sheath protects the nerve cells. Myelin is found in the CNS myelin and PNS myelin. 17.2 Learning Outcomes: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Summarize the activities that generate and propagate an action potential.Action potential refers to the rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulse occurs. In synapse, the action potential arrives at an axon terminal, Ca 2+ enters, and synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane. This is followed by the release of neurotransmitter molecules and then excitatory neurotransmitter binds to a receptor. The Na + diffuses into the postsynaptic neuron, and the action potential begins. 2. Describe saltatory conductionThis is the process where the action potential travels faster in myelinated axons than in nonmyelinated axon because they are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier conduction. 3. Define synaptic integration. Synaptic integration is the process by which all the post-synaptic excitatory potentials that reach a neuron at a given time are summed up. When a neuron receives many excitatory signals it is more likely that the neuron’s axon will transmit a nerve impulse. 4. Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse. The functions of the nerve tissue are to receive stimuli from the internal and external environment, to analyze and integrate them and to produce adequate and coordinated responses in various effector organs. Communication between the two neurons at a synapse is carried out by the neurotransmitters, which are stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals and the type of the neurotransmitters, influences toward excitation and inhibition.17.3 Learning Outcomes: The Central Nervous System Upon completion of this section, you should be able to1. Understand the relationship between the CNS and PNS in the nervous system. The CNS is composed of the spinal cord and brain, while the PNS is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves. Nerves contain the sensory and motor fibers. In the somatic system, the nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS and motor impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. In the autonomic system, consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division the motor impulses travel to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the glands. 2. Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord. The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain into the vertebral canal vertebrae. The spinal cord has a central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter in an H-shaped configuration, and white matter. The white matter contains tracts that take nerve impulses to and from the brain and there is a micrograph of a cross section of the spinal cord. It plays an important role like the internal organs, and it helps in the transmission of sensory and motor information, processing of information and influences process reflexes (sensory and motor impulses). 3. Identify the major regions of the brain and provide the main functions of each region. The Cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans and the last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses. The cerebellum receives sensory input from the joints, muscles, and other sensory pathways about the present position of body parts. The region also receives motor output from the cerebral cortex about where these parts should be located. The diencephalon region includes the hypothalamus and the thalamus and acts as the relay centers that integrate the sensory and motor pathways. The brain stem m contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The region connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and controls how messages flow between the brain and other parts of the body as well as control other body functions. Additionally, the brain stem has reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses. 4. Compare the functions of the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the brain versus the association areas and processing centers.  The primary motor and somatosensory area contains the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas. The somatosensory area receives the sensory input from the body after the neurons send information to the cortex area...