Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 13 Lymphatic And Immune System

Chapter 11 Human Organization
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ANSWER LEARNING OUTCOME / Chapter 13 Lymphatic and immune System Chapter 13 Lymphatic and immune SystemYour answer will be like this: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.13.1 Learning Outcome: The Lymphatic System Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels that transport lymph, the lymph nodes, and other lymphatic (lymphoid) organs. This system protects the body from disease by purifying lymph and storing lymphocytes, the white blood cells responsible for adaptive immunity. The lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream, and the capillaries also absorb fats from the digestive tract and transport them to the bloodstream and it is lymphoid organs, which help to defend the body against disease, which is returned to the cardiovascular system.
2. Distinguish between the roles of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, and list examples of each. 
In the primary lymphoid organs, the lymphocytes develop and mature and for the secondary lymphoid organs the lymphocytes become activated. Primary lymphoid organs are the thymus and red bone marrow while the secondary lymphoid organs are lymph nodes and the spleen.13.2 Learning Outcome: Innate Immunity 1. Upon completion of this section, you should be able toList examples of physical and chemical barriers to infection. 
The skin and the mucous membranes lining are the first lines of defense against the entry of pathogens.
* Intact skin
* Mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tract and their secretions
* Normal microbiota
* Phagocytes and natural killer cells
* Inflammations
* Protective Proteins (complement)
* Specialized lymphocytes
* Antibodies
2. Describe the purpose of the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response is an innate immunity mechanism where there is the redness, heat, swelling, and pain that occur due to capillary changes in response to chemicals released by tissue-dwelling cells. The mast cells release histamine, while dendritic cells and macrophages release cytokines that promote inflammation. Defense mediators are released at the site of injury.
3. Explain the function of phagocytes and natural killer cells.  In innate immunity, phagocytes and natural killer cells offer protection and the phagocytes are a type of white blood cells that ingest harmful bacteria, dying cells and particles including invading organisms. The natural killer cells are lymphocyte-like cells that kill the virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact.
4. Describe the three main functions of the complement system. 
Opsonization is the enhanced attachment pathogen marking. There is also direct lysis of target cells or pathogens and followed by chemoattraction and activation of inflammatory cells where the So the complement cascade itself is pro-inflammatory.
13.3 Learning Outcome: Adaptive Immunity Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Describe the major steps in the clonal selection theory. 
The clonal selection model states that in a large population of B and T cells, only a few cells will have antigen receptors that can react with any particular antigen in the body . However, when an antigen binds to receptors on a particular lymphocyte, that cell divides, forming clones of itself. It is the B cell with BCR that fits the antigen (green circles) undergoes clonal expansion.
Activation of a B cell occurs when i BCR can combines with an antigen and in the presence of cytokines and the B cell undergoes clonal expansion, producing many plasma cells and memory B cells. These plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to the antigen, and memory B cells recognize the antigen in the future. After the infection passes, plasma cells undergo apoptosis, also called programmed cell death.
2. Compare and contrast the activities of B cells versus T cells. B cells versus T cells recognize invaders such as bacteria and viruses and fight against them. T cells develop various immune response and recognize antigens outside infected cells, while the B cells produce antibodies against specific antigens. The B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity and T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
3. Describe the basic structure of an antibody molecule, and explain the different functions of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE. Antibodies make up ...