Land Use and Transportation Planning

Land Use and Transportation Planning Name: Institution:  Table of Contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc371590511"
OBJECTIVES  PAGEREF _Toc371590511 \h
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INTRODUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc371590512 \h
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History  PAGEREF _Toc371590513 \h
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Current Land Use Planning  PAGEREF _Toc371590514 \h
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Land Use and Its Impact on the Transportations Planning  PAGEREF _Toc371590515 \h
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INDIVIDUAL LAND USE AND FACTORS  PAGEREF _Toc371590516 \h
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Transit Accessibility  PAGEREF _Toc371590517 \h
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Figure 1: Assets of a transit system (Transit-Safety, 2013)  PAGEREF _Toc371590518 \h
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The graph below illustrates how the household mileages are affected by the transit accessibility and the density.  PAGEREF _Toc371590519 \h
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Figure 2: Annual VMT Per Household (Holtzclaw 1994)  PAGEREF _Toc371590520 \h
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Connectivity  PAGEREF _Toc371590521 \h
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Roadway designs  PAGEREF _Toc371590522 \h
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Figure 3: Roadway designs (Grijalva-Engineering, 2013)  PAGEREF _Toc371590523 \h
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Below is a table that illustrates how travel behaviour can be affected by the land use factors.  PAGEREF _Toc371590524 \h
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Table 1: Land Use Factors (CARB 2010-2011; Litman 2007; Sadek et al. 2011)  PAGEREF _Toc371590525 \h
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Packing management  PAGEREF _Toc371590526 \h
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Mobility management  PAGEREF _Toc371590527 \h
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MPO IN LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION  PAGEREF _Toc371590528 \h
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Current land use estimates and assumptions  PAGEREF _Toc371590529 \h
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Access management  PAGEREF _Toc371590530 \h
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Figure 4: components intergration in accsess management (Transit-Safety, 2013)  PAGEREF _Toc371590531 \h
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Management Strategies and mechanism  PAGEREF _Toc371590532 \h
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Costs  PAGEREF _Toc371590533 \h
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Feasibility  PAGEREF _Toc371590534 \h
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION  PAGEREF _Toc371590535 \h
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References  PAGEREF _Toc371590536 \h
19  OBJECTIVES What is the relationship between land use and transportation planning? To discover innovative approaches between land use and transportation planning? What is the role of MPO in land use and transportation planning? INTRODUCTION History The idea of land use and planning did not start officially until the late 19th century, when the private property owners felt that they needed the edge to protect their property. After a series of court cases in the early 20th century, is was found constitutionally sound for the state and the property owners to have the right to protect property by regulating the land uses. There is a lot of controversy that surrounds land use and the authority to do so, but as far as private land is concerned, the state is required to pay private developers if their land is reclaimed for public development. Over the years that has been a lot of development in the concepts of panning alongside the lands uses, starting with the traditional orientation. Later in the 50s t0 the 70s shifted towards the systems based planning due to the growth has resulted from the world war two. As the voice of democracy in the 60s became more developed and the race barriers started to lift, planning also became democratic. Shortly after the democratic movements, there was a strategic revolution in the planning of the public amenities and then the environmentally driven concept kicked in, which is what majority of the planning objectives are about. For any government that exists in the developed countries and the developing ones, land is the most crucial piece of resource that they have as all the other resources are encased in it. Aspects such raw materials for the various sectors of the economy are all tied to the land resource (Fischer, 2001). It is no wonder that, among the main policies that any of the governments formulate, land has to be at the fore front as misuse or mismanagement of the same can lead to catastrophic economic, social and natural outfalls. To every other human, land is the natural capital. From the natural resources perspective, land use encompasses the various activities and arrangements as well as the inputs that are employed on any given land cover in a bid to maintain, produce or change it. There have been various definitions and the latest ones have sought to include the near surface waters in connection to the various objectives of undertaking various developments on the land. There are certain questions that have to come up whenever the topic of land use shows up, such as; The purpose of the land use with reference to the specific services and products that are sought after? Why/ which are the reasons of the current land use? How much in term of the quantitative measures of the resources that are expected to be extracted? What technologies are going to be applied in the quest of the land use? What is the geographical location of the portion of the land that is going to be used, and what is the extent in size? What are the short term and long term effects of the land use, at the social economic and environmental fronts? At the international level, organisations such as the FAO have to collect data on the current land use practices to determine the current situation of the food security in the various parts of the world, and the future trends. Current Land Use Planning Sustainable development relates to the element of exploiting the resources available currently in a manner that does not compromise the future availability of the same resource, too the generations of the said future. As such, the current generation has to use the resources available to meet their needs in a very responsible manner that does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate. This concept connect time and the space by limiting the state of technology that used in the resources exploitation and social organisation (Conference, 2004). In the last two to three decades there has been significant economic growth in the world and this has resulted in the uplifting of more than 660 million persons from their poverty. However the flip side of the same coin id that this development and growth had been at the expense of the environment and the poor people in the society. These are decades that have seen the land resource utilized in a manner that has led to depletion and wasteful exploits of the resources, for pure economic gains, with total disregards of the sustainability of the same. This trend has widened the gap between the poor and the rich, with some of the former groups lacking basic amenities such as clean water to drink and a myriad of other environmental and health complications. The concept of the sustainable development is supported under the three main pillars of social inclusion, environmental stewardship and that of economic growth. It’s the reason as to why there have been a lot of campaigns advocating for the smart agricultural practices, efficient industrial technologies and low carbon emission strategies in the transport sector among other interventions. At the heart of all these intervention is the aspect of land use, where every other utility has to be checked alongside some policies to determine that it is not going to violate the rights of the future generations as well as jeopardise the current ability of utilizing these resources. In essence, sustainable development ties together the elements of economics, politics, ecology and the culture of the people, today and beyond. Land Use and Its Impact on the Transportations Planning Land use and the decision to plan for the transportation system interact in a very complex relationship. How the land is used affects the decisions that have to be made regarding the transportation systems planning and management. This interaction always takes place regardless of the relevant authorities taking the decision to invest in the transport system or not. While the transport system affects the kind of land uses within a given area, the land uses also influence the transport patterns within the area in question. With regard to the various sections of the human settlement, there are different levels of land use, which affect the transport system in different ways. In the urban settlement, the accessibility is much higher given the wide range of travel options. In the rural and suburban settlements, the land use accessibility is much more restricted as there are fewer travel options limiting the accessibility (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, National Research Council (U.S.), & Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, 1999). Most of the land uses always overlap, especially where there is a high density of people. As such, there is an aggregated complex of the land use and the elements of the transport systems, which can be designed in any given geographical location. In urban centres, the density is much and so is the transport mix, with options of trains, buses, bicycles and walking paths. In the suburban and rural areas this pressure on the public transport is much less as there are less people using the system. As such, it can be related to the fewer roads that connect the various geographical locations. The social economic aspects of land use directly relate to the planning that goes into the transport system. In the highly populated, with higher mix of land use, transportation planning is much more challenging, while compared to the lesser populated rural areas (National Research Council (É.-U.), 2000). INDIVIDUAL LAND USE AND FACTORS Transit Accessibility This refers to the location of the various amenities in any region relative to the place of residence. In the urban areas most the people prefer to live in areas close to where they work. While some of the researchers suggest that this trend isn’t common with those who can afford privates vehicles to move around in, majority of the reports point in the direct of the level of convenience that comes with residential and commercial facilities being close. As such those the live far from where they work tend to travel more on the annual scale than those that work and live close by.
Figure 1: Assets of a transit system (Transit-Safety, 2013) This data is very crucial when planning to develop or expand the transport system and they should be taken into account, to improve the level of efficiency and reduce redundancy in the system. As one moves from the cities, to the suburban and into the rural areas, the level of travel increases. Those in the rural areas spend more time on the road, compared to those in the cities (Geurs, Krizek & Reggiani, 2012). The graph below illustrates how the household mileages are affected by the transit accessibility and the density.  INCLUDEPICTURE "/tdm/tdm20_01.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
 Figure 2: Annual VMT Per Household (Holtzclaw 1994) Connectivity Interconnectivity refers to the level of...