Reproduction & Basic Genetics
In this module, we discussed the structure and function of both the female and male reproductive systems. In this final case assignment, you should discuss: The process of spermatogenesis in the male testis. Be sure to include in your discussion how mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II are involved in spermatogenesis, and the hormones and supporting cells that regulate this process. The process of oogenesis in the female. Be sure to include in your discussion how meiosis I and meiosis II are involved in oogenesis, and describe the hormones responsible for the development of the egg and release (ovulation). Assignment Expectations Page Length: 2-3 pages Scholarly Content Your SLP and your case assignments are considered scholarly works. Your final work should include a MINIMUM of 10 peer reviewed (scholarly) sources. This does not mean that you must place 10 peer reviewed sources in each module of your Case/SLP. I anticipate that the nature of the questions which must be answered in this project will result in the accumulation of more than 10 references, but 10 is the minimum number. This means by the end of module 5, I should be able to go back and count AT A MINIMUM a total of 10 scholarly-peer reviewed publications in all of your submitted papers. If you are uncertain what a peer reviewed (scholarly) source is, go to http://www(dot)csuchico(dot)edu/lins/handouts/scholarly.pdf Please keep in mind that you should not use sources such as “Answers.com” or “Wikipedia” or “Wikianswers”. None of these are scholarly sources and they can be “modified” by any registered user which makes it unreliable. It could very well be that those who modify subjects in Wikipedia have a very good knowledge of the subject, however, since we have no way of knowing their credentials or intentions, we cannot guarantee that the source is reliable. It is a good place to start, but should not be used as factual in graduate writing. For graduate study, be sure to stick to peer reviewed journals and scientific sources. The following site will help: http://www(dot)csuchico(dot)edu/lins/handouts/scholarly.html Appropriate Headings and Paper Flow Remember that you are preparing a formal academic paper. Your paper should make use of appropriate headings and subheadings. You should not cut & paste the questions posed and answer them like a “Question and Answer” session. Your finished paper should read like an academic paper. Be sure to cite your references.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Human beings like other living things do reproduce. Male and female have different reproductive organs defined for distinct and complex processes of manufacturing sperms and ovum. In this paper, I will elaborate and discuss spermatogenesis and oogenesis in male and female reproductive organs respectively as their core functions (Cheng, 2008).
Spermatogenesis
In a mature fertile male, the organs are developed to compose a functional penis and two pair of testes which are enclosed in one testicular sac. Each testis has a specialized unit referred as the semineforous tubule where the process of spermatogenesis happens. Different phases are involved in the production of spermatozoa (sperms) from the primordial germ cell where division and integration occurs through mitosis and meiosis. The primary cells in this process are called spermatongonia which through mitosis yield to initial or rather the primary spermatocytes which meiotically divide into two secondary spermatocytes. Each of the secondary spermatocytes again completes meiosis into two spermatids. These then develop in to mature spermatozoa also called sperms. These process start at puberty and usually continue uninterrupted until death but reduces in old age. In human, this process takes 72 days, each testis producing approximately 200 to 300 million sperms per day.
The entire process can be hence broken into 5 distinct stages. At the first stage of spermatogonium, a cell type with double (diploid) chromosomes 46 in number which mioticaly yields to spermatocytes still with diploid chromosomes again 46 in number. At Stage 2, primary spermatocytes through meiosis 1 develop in to two secondary haploid spermatocytes with 23 chromosomes. Third stage of 2 secondary spermatocytes and through meiosis II develops to 4 spermatids. Stage 4 occurs where the 4 chromatids develop in to final stage through spermatogenesis to form four functional spermatozoa (Cheng, 2008).
In this process, special cell lined along the basement of the semiforous tubule called sartori cells play a key role. They are thought to maintain a good environment for the process to occur, secreting substances initiating meiosis, phangocyte remnants in the cytoplasm after spermatogenesis, protect the spermatids from immu...