Childhood Obesity

Phillip Dickens Jeremy Phillips Human Values and Meanings July 8, 2013 Abstract This paper provides a backdrop for discussing the discourse of childhood obesity, examines variables leading to overweight in children from 5 to 19 years. Moreover, prevention approaches such as, increased activities and health advocacy have been documented. Conversely, the research underpins a family-centered method to enhance dietary trends, and the need for community support and participation among many factors. Given this outcomes, nurses are motivated to develop skills. Past studies have indicated that obesity in children encourages the growth of biomarkers for chronic illness in adulthood. For instance, in Hispanic children, type II diabetes is common because of genetic susceptibility and overweight. Furthermore, obese children have a higher threat for developing high cholesterol, asthma, depression and joint problems. Atherosclerosis, being a main basis of heart problems in adults, originated from childhood. Obesity in childhood is as well associated with shoddier gross-motor growth. There are also cases of reduced academic performance and absenteeism. In the end, there are also emerging issues of psychological related issues with obesity. Actually, there is low confidence in obese kids related with enhanced rates of depression, solitude, anxiety and higher probability to consume alcohol. Background World wide and in Europe obesity is a growing dilemma. In Europe, the number of overweight children is estimated to be increasing by over 400,000 annually, in addition to over 14 million of the EU populace who are obese plus about 3 million obese teenagers. In European Union, almost 4 million children are overweight. Owing to the prevalence of facts in the exploration of obesity in children is a considerable danger factor for future health issues, which is regarded as a primary public health dilemma. In overweight children, the likelihood that overweight continues into old age rises with the age of the kid, from 20 to 80% in overweight 5 to 19 years respectively. Research of preponderance of overweight indicates a higher increase in overweight in 5 years and above. In other words, these show that attempts to prevent obesity should start in childhood (Thompson et al. 282– 289). In UK, levels of childhood are higher than any region in Europe. Evidence show that 29.7% of children in England are considered obese compared to Netherlands which has only 16%. Childhood obesity is national problem in UK. Childhood obesity was initiated in this region and in 2007 a novel objective was declared in England as the first nation to repeal the wave of both obesity and overweight in the populace by ascertaining that all people are in position of sustaining a health lifestyle. The original focus is on children, it is estimated that by 2020 to reduce the proportion of obesity to approximately 2000 levels. This objective forms the basis of clinical analysis on childhood obesity to improve their wellbeing. The execution of this approach supports national youth framework for children, children change programs, healthy lifestyles, public health services that enhances the health as well as wellbeing of children (Kohl & Hobbs, 549– 554). According to UK 1990 national body mass index is estimated by dividing weight (kg) by height, though changes are done in kids, more than 85% BMI implies overweight, while less than 95% indicate obese. The preponderance of childhood obesity is growing. For example, in England from 1995-2003 childhood obesity increased from to 11.2 to 16.5%. Wile in 1995-2000, children aged 2-19 years, obesity rates increased from 3.7 to4.8% and 5.7 to 6.8% in boys and girls respectively (Thompson et al. 282– 289).. Childhood obesity leads to physical and psychological problems. Moreover, an essential danger component for weight in later stages of life contributing to depression and evident levels of low confidence; hypertension, and resistance of insulin. As noted earlier, with obesity come the dangers of more health dilemmas. Methods Preliminary scoping was carried out to determine any roll-out structure to evaluate instructions on overweight. One structure was determined for control and analyzing execution of the global approach on diet, physical engagements and welfare documented by the WHO in 2008. This structure suggested that process, result and output benchmarks should be determined by each member country. Information was searched for repeated subjects with diverse proposals that were pertinent to realization. The projected structure with important facets was formulated based on these persistent common topics which were: specificity of intended populace, dependability for execution, monitoring, analysis, time frame, preferences and price approximation. Information was sought from three repositories namely Medline, Cinnah and Medline for periodicals published from 2005 and 2010. Key words used include; Child, Obese, Health promotion and physical activities, however, recommendations were incorporated by way of Boolean operators, truncation as well as the use of OR and AND in bid to determine the relevant periodicals and documents. A systematic search from websites was employed to determine the other rules and proposals not indexed in the electronic reference repository. Various sources such as Science Direct, Blackwell Synergy, National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), Health development Agency (HAD) among others were used. Obesity, guidelines and recommendations were some of the key words used. To ensure searches met required limits, PICO (population, intervention, counter-invention and outcome) was used accordingly. The target population was about school kids aged 5-19, intervention is purely health advocacy, counter-intervention is engagement in physical exercises and the outcome is preclusion or reduction of overweight. All determined theories were inspected by two evaluators and full documents of potentially adequate documents were attained and evaluated with respect to the inclusion criteria. The integrated UK proposals were evaluated using the suggested structure. The pertinent details were extracted from all the papers incorporated. The analysis of the overweight recommendation articles are summed up in tandem to this structure. The course of action for healthy eating habits and enhanced physical exercises was decisively evaluated by using the same specifications to evaluate the usage of the formulated guideline (Ledikwe et al. 1172– 1180). The rationale of this analysis is to determine the legality of assertions made by obesity scholars. Findings Children and adolescents Childhood can be described as being physically dynamic. Findings, demonstrate that on a daily basis children participate more one hour of moderate to strong physical exercises. Different research techniques, description of what represents physical exercise and inadequate baseline facts make it intricate to precisely establish changes in the patterns of physical exercises. Regardless of the mixed proof as to whether physical exercise have reduced or increase in UK school going children with time, present evidence recommend that inactivity degrees are still considerable. Moreover, there is concern regarding the utilization of electronic media by children during their free time. Actually, children who spend more than the allowed two hours daily by electronic media are not in position to realize the recommended physical exercise (Kohl & Hobbs, 549– 554). Parental support In this case, it was evident that parents were important in organizing and supporting children participation in physical exercise for obese or overweight children. Nevertheless, potentially intricacy occurred, because parents are ready to their free time with their children. Social as well as financial assistance was different in single and also two-parent families. In addition, time was a problem to motivate obese children to engage in physical exercises where work loyalty impinges on the available free time, in particular single parents. Evidence shows that parental support and motivation helps in the facilitation of physical exercise in children and the effectiveness of intervention (Whitlock et al. 267– 284). Parental involvement trends in physical exercise are mirrored in the magnitude of children’s exercise. However, it is apparent that parental participation in physical exercise was no longer important in the involvement of children’s physical exercise. Probably, this could be a result of recent amendments in family dynamic. In this case the responsibility of parent modeling is reduced, in the event that there is less shared family time. Socioeconomic status Studies propose a high occurrence of childhood obesity in low socio-economic families. Nevertheless, there are varied assumptions on the effects of socio-economic condition and children involvement in physical exercises. Whereas, some studies demonstrate differences between engagement in physical activity and socio-economic condition, other findings indicate no important con...