Overview, Technology Aide, Valid Therapies, and Prediction for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's Disease
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alzheimer's Disease
Introduction
A neurological disorder is a condition that affects the brain and the nervous system causing biochemical or electrical abnormalities. Many nervous system disorders require medical care by a physician or other medical professionals. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that destroys memory and mental functions (Kumar et al., 2018). It is a progressive disease that makes the brain shrink and brain cells die, making it hard for the person to remember. The brain disorder is devastating, especially for elderly humans. AD affects patients' behavioral and cognitive functions, making it hard for the individual to perform daily duties. Also, it destroys memory, comprehension, attention, and language. According to Kumar et al. (2018), people age 65 and older account for at least two-thirds of AD cases. The treatments are available based on the symptoms shown by an individual during the cause of the disease. AD is a significant public health problem as it develops severe memory impairment and reduces people's life expectancy and ability to carry out daily tasks. In addition, the disease has negative socioeconomic consequences requiring a proper approach to deal with the neurological disorder. The early diagnosis and evaluation of the disease assists in making sure that the person attains the desired goals in life. The treatment of AD focuses on reducing the behavioral disturbances developing from the disorder. AD was initially a rare condition associated with the aging population, but the misconception is fading away, and people seek treatment for the disease. AD is a serious neurological disorder as it is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Kumar et al., 2018).
Historical Overview of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease causes difficulty in concentration and thinking, making it difficult to handle basic everyday tasks. Alois Alzheimer first discovered AD in 1906 in a patient he encountered in 1901 (Soria Lopez et al., 2019). AD is a form of Dementia where the memory of people declines as people age. The Egyptians had discovered that memory declines with age in about 2000 BC (Yang et al., 2016). The declining performance of the mind and body causes the reduced productivity of people. The intellectual ability to tackle different duties decline with age and memory loss that develops from AD. Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852–1929) conducted a study on neurosyphilis, a disease that affects the coverings of the brain or spinal cord (Yang et al., 2016). The condition was known to cause abnormal walking, numbness, problem in thinking, confusion, and other mental problems. Also, Otto Ludwig Binswanger discovered that the bacterial infection of the brain or the spinal cord caused memory loss or Dementia in different people. Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) researched Vascular Dementia in 1894, and it was called Binswanger's disease and later changed to Alzheimer's (Yang et al., 2016). The historical naming of AD was in honor of Alois Alzheimer, the doctor who dedicated his time researching the causes, prevention, and treatment of Dementia. His extensive study assisted in dealing with the past and present perception of Dementia.
How Neuroscientists Study AD
Neuroscientists study AD as a common cause of dementia or memory loss. The abnormal changes in the brain decline the intellectual ability of an individual: the person's behavior and personality change when the brain has a problem. The perception of Dementia has long existed, with people viewing memory loss as a huge problem and that cannot be treated. Many dementia patients suffer false conceptions of the disease and do not seek medical assistance owing to social stigma. The advances in technology and science help neuroscientists know that AD is a major cause of Dementia in patients (Yang et al., 2016). The understanding of pathophysiology and causes of dementia help in understanding AD. Neuroscientists use different models in understanding AD that will improve dementia treatment in the future. The research by neuroscientists on AD focuses on eliminating the social stigma that patients experience due to Dementia. According to Tascone and Bottino (2013), the neurobiological models used in the study of AD are the frontal-subcortical circuits, the cortico-cortical networks, and the monoaminergic system. These models help in discovering the best approach to examine and manage AD.
The frontal-subcortical circuits model focuses on understanding the memory-emotion network of the individual (Tascone & Bottino, 2013). Memory and emotions have a collaborating relationship that neuroscientists study in the analysis of AD. The study of AD requires neuroscientists to discover the best approach to understand the behavior in humans. The frontal-subcortical circuits form the principal network that determines brain activity and behavior (Tekin & Cummings, 2002). The different regions used in the model provide an open understanding of the brain and nervous system functioning. Tekin and Cummings (2002) explain the need to use the five-parallel frontal-subcortical circuit links in understanding AD. The five circuits are the frontal eye field, motor area, dorsolateral region, orbitofrontal region, and anterior cingulate proton of the frontal cortex (Tekin & Cummings, 2002). The interactions and movement in the circuit link assist in discovering different neurological disorders such as AD. The circuit dysfunction shows that a patient has a problem with the brain or nervous system. Neuroscientists apply the model of studying the frontal-subcortical circuits to understand behavioral problems in AD.
The cortico-cortical networks provide neuroscientists with the communication dynamics of the brain. Tascone and Bottino (2013) explained that the communication system in the body requires to perform well for a person to handle daily tasks. The cortical network is a set of interconnected modules that help control the behavior and movement of different body parts. The behavior and accurate timing of the brain are possible by using the cortico-cortical networks models to evaluate the processes in the body. Neuroscientists evaluate the control of different body parts in identifying an individual with AD. A person with AD has a problem controlling behavioral and body movements. The cortico-cortical communication dynamics help separate the intrinsic brain activity such as thinking and concentration of an individual (Roland et al., 2014). The model provides accurate data on brain decisions, percepts, and behaviors. The neuroscientists use the model to know an individual's brain performance and discover when a person is experiencing memory loss and concentration.
The monoaminergic system provides a proper understanding of AD. According to Viggiano et al. (2020), the monoaminergic systems focus on evaluating the neurons involved in regulating different processes in the body, such as emotions, memory, and arousal. In addition, the monoaminergic system provides accurate information about an individual's emotions, behavior, and thinking. AD is the most common type of Dementia that involves the impairment of cognitive functions and behaviors (Kumar et al., 2018). Memory loss, problem-solving, and thinking ability require a study by neuroscientists in discovering the different people suffering from AD. The monoaminergic system model accurately explains the different approaches to discovering individuals' thinking and emotions. The brain imaging of a patient provides accurate data to use in the treatment of AD symptoms. The monoaminergic system is responsible for memory and attention. De...