COVID-19 Outbreak

AN OUTBREAK RESPONSE PLAN TO REDUCE COVID-19
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An Outbreak Response Plan to Reduce COVID-19
COVID-19 Outbreak
Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the major epidemics and global challenges facing the global health care sector. The current COVID-19 pandemic is closely related to the disease triangle of epidemiology, highlighting that the coexistence of three important factors is the cause of the disease: host, pathogen, and surrounding environment. Therefore, preventive measures and treatment methods should be designed to break the disease cycle or triangle. Prevention is a key factor in dealing with an epidemic that uses viruses as pathogens. The emergence of this cruel virus reminds us once again that viral infections should not be underestimated or disappeared. Due to this epidemic's rapid and large-scale spread, health departments and staff must ensure timely detection and take preventive measures to limit the spread of the virus to healthy people (Pordanjani 2021).
SARS Co-2 or COVID-19 inflicts haphazard risk and challenge to the global community and adversely affects economic and public health relations. The new viral infection of COVID-19 has introduced implications of the community's practices, awareness, and people's attitudes during the pandemic. The COVID-19 viral infection that has become an epidemic in a short period on all the continents has caused a great challenge to follow public health models (Peng et al. 2020). It puts a big question mark on present healthcare control methods in the current global epidemiological situation (Wouters et al., 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged Covid-19 as an epidemic. On 31 December 2019, the WHO reported the highest number of pneumonia cases with unknown causes in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, PR China. In January 2020, a novel virus formerly unspecified was recognized, later named 2019 novel coronavirus, and analyses of trials acquired from the cases and the genetics of the virus specified that it was the source of the epidemic (Mishra et al. 2021).
Primarily, SARS-CoV-2 widespread persisted in China through record cases identified in Hubei. The only isolated cases were identified in the neighboring countries, i.e., Japan, and the Republic of Korea, and Thailand (Levin et al. 2020). Later, new cases were also identified in Australia and France, with subsequent spread to European countries within months. The US reported the first case in January. Hence, now virus is known as SARS-CoV and is associated with COVID-19 diseases. The current coronavirus crisis and a special long-term internal health maintenance period for individuals, businesses, and the future. The impact of COVID-19 on global emerging economies in 2020 is not significant.
Clinical Modes Strategy
Crown-shaped virus instigated under the electron microscope with nano-dimensional. It is novel, so most people still do not know much about this virus, its source, spread, and how it attacks the body, how fatal it is, and how the immune system's response is executed (Wouters et al. 2021). If the SARS-CoV-2 strain is strong and virulent, in addition to being easily infected, if the population poisons the environment or the current instance merges with SARS-CoV-2, it will cause disaster. However, the epidemic will decrease once the host is strong to the under-spread SARS-CoV-2 strain and is not vulnerable to attack. WHO measures the incubation period of COVID-19 as 1 to 14 days, with the most common being about five days. Thus, modeling the impact of contact testing and case isolation can effectively control epidemics such as COVID-19. Generally, this mysterious new disease has variability and severity, which is a unique and confusing feature. Scientists have proposed different hypotheses to explain this variation. Although many people may regard the mutation of the virus as a cause, there are good reasons to regard host inheritance as an important factor of variation and severity.
Most people have no symptoms, while others suffer severe lung damage, which can be fatal. There are more people in the middle. The huge difference in people's response to the COVID-19 virus has been a major problem that plagues everyone in the neighborhood. Since it appears to be not affected by weather changes and is expected to worsen with cold, nanotechnology will be the ultimate solution; however, the solution is aggressive precautionary measures until then. We need to know its roots and project accordingly to design a proper response plan to manage and reduce COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 related respiratory infections can vary from common cold to the more severe illness, i.e., Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). nCoV (novel coronavirus) is a new strain of previously existing viruses and was unrecognized in humans (Izzetti et al., 2020). Moreover, it is observed that bacterial superinfections are now common in patients with severe COVID-19 infection (Buitrago et al., 2020).
Epidemiology Settings
A worldwide coordination effort is required to halt the viral spread (Houngbo et al., 2017). Constant determinations to provide improved amenities for healthcare differ from state to state. The existing pandemic situation reveals several shortcomings of public health practices that require a relevant administrative response and the necessity of technology-based solutions (Buitrago et al., 2020). WHO and health organizations of the origin should consider new approaches of precautionary methods by assessing pathogens' geographical differences, clinical features of the disease, containment zones, asymptomatic individuals, pathogen malleability, and host vulnerability. This information will help strengthen preventive measures and also aid in adopting the relevant policy through an understanding of the actual effect of the challenge (Okada et al., 2019).
Structured Healthcare Management to Reduce COVID-19
Effective community wellbeing models can be implemented for all contagious disease epidemics with minor changes and strategic changes depending on provincial material or the nature of the syndrome. Public awareness and public behavior during an outbreak can also affect transmission. So the best policy is to include the general public in responsiveness programs (Koh 2020). Critical public health management, i.e., case detection, outreach research, social distance) reduces the prevalence rate. Health care professionals with standardized training and knowledge must identify strategies to decrease the extent of COVID-19.
Preventions and Control of COVID-19 Transmission
The WHO recommends the basic preventive procedures to defend in contradiction of the new coronavirus. The current epidemic background plates suggest the adeptness of control by decreasing transmission using active prevention mechanisms and technologies (Chinazzi et al., 2020). Observation and epidemiological statistics for prevention are suitable sources of evidence that can help develop more effective approaches for the COVID-19 infection. Healthcare professionals are then expected to deliver the designed services in anticipation of infection at the public level.
Transmission pathways of COVID-19 are currently unclear; however, an indication from other coronaviruses and respirational diseases proposes that the infection could be transferred by direct or indirect contact with large airborne droplets and infected secretions. Airborne transmission in medical care settings in congested areas and poorly ventilated rooms, especially when infected people spend much time in shopping malls, restaurants, etc., and during medical care procedures (aerosol production processes (Judson et al., 2019). In these particular cases, the oral hygiene in COVID-19 infection should be improved to decrease the bacterial burden in the mouth and hence the risk of bacterial superinfection. In patients with hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, poor oral hygiene must be reflected as a COVID-19 risk factor as they are more susceptible to biofilms with more significant pathogen percentages. People should be advised to observe public distance (about 2 m) from people having respiratory symptoms and seek medical attention if they are experiencing cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. They must also educate to adhere to respirational sanitation by sneezing or coughing in the tissue or bent elbow, and then remove the tissue straightaway (Peng et al. 2020). If a person is experiencing respiratory symptoms, he should wear a medicated mask and practice hand hygiene following the disposal of the mask. Such measures should be adjusted to the level of danger linked with each visit, taking into account the characteristics of each local setting and the patient's characteristics, and the procedures to be performed.
COVID-19 Screening and Cost-Effective Policy
When an epidemic occurs, community-level screening is critical to decision-making to prevent an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. If we delay the test, we are further prospective to be exposed to COVID-19. With this in mind, promoting a previous test should always be harmful for a COVID-19 infection. Financial expenditure for public health management to provide health care to the commoner should be revised (Judson et al., 2019). A low-cost comprehensive public health policy is paramount in public efficacy for analysis, management, and control. Currently, technology-based health care is effective in reducing costs and providing a more comprehensive range of services. The COVID-19 diagnostic test kit has been prepared and is now available in diagnostic testing laboratories. The central testing principles are risk factors, medical history, location, age, acquaintance to the virus, period of signs, and interaction history. Rapid testing for community-level screening can help make an instant choice for improved community health administration. The gold standard for the COVID-19 test is the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Though, existing data signifies that RT-PCR is merely 30-70% active for severe contagions, which might be due to misuse of laboratory kits or insufficient vi...