Research Paper: The Legacy of the Columbian Exchange
Our research paper selected the topic is The demand for maize in different historical time in China. (The theme can be slightly modified but don't change corn and China.) Because the subject of the course is columnbian exchange, the content has something to do with the Columbia Exchange. The requirement must be cite to three peer review articles. One must be Nunn, Nathan and Nancy Qian. “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 2, 2010, pp.163-188. Retrieved from: https://www(dot)jstor(dot)org/stable/25703506?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents The other two are casual. I put the specific paper requirements, the requirements of the proposal, the proposal we wrote and the comments he gave. Please look for the data yourself, documentary can be used as source, there must be three peer review article.
1 WRDS 150 Research Paper: The Legacy of the Columbian Exchange1 Target length: 1500 words (for individual papers) excluding title page information and works cited list2 Due Date: Draft submission for peer-review à Week 14 (V03 Wednesday April 2nd ; V09 Thursday April 3rd ). Bring two printed copies to class to conduct the peer-review. Final submission of paper à April 8th by 16h00 Value: 20% of course grade Style: MLA, APA or Chicago (Author/Date) Submission requirements: Please upload your paper to Canvas before the due date Format 1. On the top left-hand corner of your first page include your name[s], student number[s], course code (and section), word count, research paper title, and my name. 2. Use 12-point font size with double spacing. 3. Paginate your assignment. Overview Research and write the paper that you “pitched” in your proposal document. Please review my commentary on your marked research proposal, and decide which revisions are necessary and appropriate before proceeding (this might include meeting with me). Over the next few weeks, you are advised to take instructor and peer feedback into consideration during the process of writing, editing, and peer-reviewing your research paper. This assignment presents you with an opportunity to practice many of the genre moves that scholars use in their writing and share your research in another format (other than the oral presentation). Detailed guidelines You have already summarized a state of knowledge in your secondary sources, identified a knowledge gap, and named some key concepts (i.e., abstractions) that your paper will define and explore. You have also identified a research site, and indicated how you will analyze it (i.e., your research method). Next, gather your primary source(s) together and analyze it/them. You may find that there is not as much material within your research site as you need, or you may find that there is too much. This is all part of the research process: you may need to rethink aspects of your research site in a way that makes it narrower or broader to arrive at a manageable scope and thus, a feasible project. Based on your analysis of your primary sources, you may need to revise your initial abstractions (i.e., big issues/key concepts) and/or research question; or you may decide that these unexpected patterns and findings are no longer relevant to your topic. Again, this is all part of the writing and the knowledge-making process. Embrace your evolving thinking about your research paper; if something requires adaptation, you are welcome to consult with me to discuss the changing nature or focus of your research. 1 Features of this assignment instruction brief were adapted from templates designed by Dr Katja Thieme, and Dr Jaclyn Rea for WRDS 150 (2018/9) and Dr Evan Mauro for ASTU 100 (2018). 2 For two-person partnerships the word limit is 2000; for three-person partnerships it is 2500. 2 Structure In your introductory paragraph: • provide an account of the current state of knowledge through orchestration, which presents the big issue and key abstractions you are addressing and also compares and summarizes what scholars have said about this issue o supply any necessary definitions of central terms (through appositives or sustained definitions) • identify a knowledge gap (the limits of existing knowledge on your topic) and present your research question to address those limits • outline a brief description of your research site (making mention of your specific primary material) and explain your research method • use forecasts to indicate how your paper is organized • ensure that your paper’s claim (your position in relation to established research) comes through clearly in your introduction, and indicate the limits of your position where necessary (e.g., using modals, limiting expressions, etc.) In body paragraphs: Content • present the substance and findings of your research through analysis of, and evidence provided from, your primary material • indicate and explain the method by which you arrived at your findings; and thoroughly analyse your findings and key interpretations of your research site and primary material Scholarly/Genre features • be sure to link ideas together, using techniques like topic sentences, transitions, and signposting o use strong topic renewals/signposting, which work as reminders that help your reader understand how each main point relates to your overall topic (i.e., your paper’s focus) and how your different points are related to one another • where necessary, use appropriate reporting expressions (and “double reporting” expressions) to show your reader who is speaking and ensure that all sources are cited appropriately • frame all quotations with commentary (i.e., integrate them into the flow of your own reasoning and show why the quote is relevant to the argument you are making) o ensure that quotations have quotation marks and parenthetical references (i.e., in-text citations) with page numbers • use a range of high-, mid- and low-levels of information that explains the reasoning behind your discussion and analysis of the primary material (i.e., the material from your research site) 3 Your concluding paragraph: • should look “backwards” and “forwards” o in doing so, it should advance the paper’s claim in its final form and return to the paper’s main abstractions and research question o it should involve discussion of the significance of your research and its findings (i.e., answering the question, “who cares?”/ “so what?”) o and, it should indicate the limits of your research (which may involve identifying new knowledge gaps that require further investigation, raising potential future research questions, and/or suggesting new research sites or future action that could be taken) Works Cited list and citations Please remember to ensure that: • your works cited list is correctly formatted (and arranged in alphabetical order) • all sources consulted or mentioned in the paper are listed in the works cited/reference list • all sources are credited with appropriate in-text citations/parenthetical references o all primary and secondary sources – including Internet resources and any images / graphs / tables / figures / social media posts / social media platforms consulted – are cited accordingly in both the body of the paper and the works cited/reference list. Consult the Research Paper submission portal on Canvas for this assignment’s assessment rubric
The Legacy of the Columbian Exchange
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
The Legacy of the Columbian Exchange
Introduction
Maize also referred to as corn is one of the most important cereals in China today and the total maize output has increased by 12-fold in the past six decades. Maize is thought to have been cultivated in China as early as in the 16th century although the exact circumstances and dates of introduction are not known (Li, 2009). There are limited sources of information concerning the existence of maize in China in the 16th and 17th centuries because the Europeans who visited the country left very few accounts on agricultural activities. However, there is sufficient evidence indicating that maize was first introduced in China during the Columbian Exchange era (Nunn & Qian, 2010). Over the years since its introduction, maize has overtaken the production of various crops such as peanut, wheat, and tobacco among others that were introduced during the Columbian exchange era (Nunn & Qian, 2010). By 2006 only rice production surpassed that of maize (Li, 2009). Nonetheless, production of corn surpassed that of rice in 2012, and it is currently the largest produced cereal in the country. Unlike rice that is mainly used for human consumption purposes, maize has some other uses, including, production of biofuels and animal feed. In China, it is mainly used to feed animals whereby approximately 67.45% of maize total production went to animal use in 2006. Since its introduction, the Chinese government had been taxing farmers for growing this commodity. However, from 2004 the government switched from taxing maize farmers to providing subsidies for the purchase fertilizer, seeds, and machines. To further support the production of maize and increase the rural income, the Chinese government introduced a policy in 2007 referred to as support price policy. The current research examines the negative impact the support price policy had on the production of maize in China and other countries such as the United States. The paper will first discuss various regions maize is grown in China. Second, the support price policy and its negative effect on the Chinese economy will be discussed in details (Li, 2009). Finally, the paper will discuss the solution that was taken to address the problems accompanying the support price policy.
Regions of Corn Production
Before conducting comprehensive research on the support price policy, it is important to briefly discuss the regions where maize is commonly grown in China. Maize is mainly grown in the slope long, narrow regions stretching from the Northeast to Southeast, an area referred to as Chinese Corn Belt. Maize is grown in two main seasons, summer and spring and production environments are broadly categorized into six main agronomical regions which include North China, Northern West China, Northeast China, South China, Southwest China, and Yellow-Huai River Valley. Out of these six regions three agro-ecological regions, the Yellow-Huai River Valley, North China, and Northeast China account for about 70% of the maize production area and approximately 75% of total yield. Maize supply and demand in China play a crucial role in the global maize economy because the country is the second-largest producer after the United States regarding the production as well as the area.
Corn Policies in China
China is an excellent example of the countries that have shifted from taxing its farmers to supporting them. In the early 2000s, the Chinese government started a broad program aimed at supporting agriculture and contained various important provisions such as direct subsidies, tax reductions policy loans, price support, intergovernmental transfers and improvement of infrastructure (Gale, Lohmar & Tuan, 2009). Following these actions, agricultural support programs have tremendously expanded in terms of scope and size. Nevertheless, the increased involvement of government in domestic agricultural support since the year 2005 has led to increased calls for extra scrutiny from various trade partners in an attempt to ensure that China is complying with various WTO rules and regulations to reduce market-distortions. Orden, Josling & Blandford (2011) emphasize that implementation of agricultural support policy in some countries such as China poses a serious challenge to measures of reducing global distortions as far as agricultural markets are concerned. Some of the policies adopted by the Chinese government have been criticized due to the negative role they play both in the domestic and global market (Orden, Josling and Blandford, 2011). Support price policy is one of such programs and a policy that directly affected the production of corn in China between 2005 and 2016. However, Chinese government suggests that boosting their agricultural sector by providing various subsidies such as corn subsidy and implementing support price strategies is an important part of the transition of the country to urbanized and industrialized economy indicating that the same thing happened to Japan, Europe, and North America in the 20th century.
Support Price Policy
Columbian Exchange era played a key role in the introduction of various crops including rice, soybeans, corn, wheat, sweet potatoes, and tobacco in China (Nunn & Qian, 2010). Since the introduction of these crops, the Chinese government required that any farmer involved in their cultivation pay taxes. Taxation continued until 2004 when the government abolished these taxes and instead introduced subsidies such as fertilizers, seed, and machinery to help farmers produce high yields of these crops. To boost rural income further, the government introduced the support price policy in 2007 that would benefit farmers nationwide. The main aim of this program was that the Chinese government buys the maize at minimum support prices from the farmers, which are considerable than the market prices. Chinese government indicates that support prices program plays a crucial role in protecting farmers from transitory declines in prices. Under this arrangement, the government-owned organizations use commodity reserve as a buffer stock purchasing commodity when prices in the market fall to floor price. Production costs outpacing subsidies was one of the reasons why the government decided to introduce prices support in corn production as a means to increase farmers’ income. Since then the program has significan...
👀 Other Visitors are Viewing These APA Essay Samples:
-
Company Research Report. Business & Marketing Research Paper
4 pages/≈1100 words | 8 Sources | APA | Literature & Language | Research Paper |
-
Benefits of Immigration to Canada
5 pages/≈1375 words | No Sources | APA | Literature & Language | Research Paper |
-
Empirical Research Checklist for 2 Articles Research Paper
1 page/≈275 words | No Sources | APA | Literature & Language | Research Paper |