Risk Factor and Prevalence of Hypertension - Literature Review

High Blood Pressure: A Literature Review
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High Blood Pressure: A Literature Review
Annesi (2012) argues that hypertension is a major global issue and common cardiovascular disorder. As evidence, the author asserts that economically stable nations had a prevalence of 37 % in 2000 and a projected prevalence of 42 % by the year 2025. It follows that professionals in the healthcare industry must understand the subject of hypertension in order to provide appropriate solutions to patients. It is the reason why Annesi (2012) conducted a study to identify behavioral methods that could improve blood pressure in people with hypertension and prehypertension. As a result, the author concluded that behavioral methods could improve blood pressure in women with prehypertension or hypertension.
Fuchs et al., (2011) also conducted a study on hypertension on patients with pre-hypertension. This owes to the reality that the authors mention that blood pressure within pre-hypertensive levels is an intermediate stage of full hypertension and increases the risk of cardiovascular infections. Nonetheless, available remedies to prevent hypertension have not had a major effect. It is the reason why Fuchs et al., (2011) investigated the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a population based intervention to prevent the development of target-organ damage and the incidence of hypertension. As a result, the authors concluded that using blood-pressure lowering drugs such as diuretics could prevent the incidence of hypertension in individuals with pre-hypertension and prevent cardiovascular events.
According to Govindasamy et al., (2013), hypertension accounts for 9 million deaths of the seventeen million deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Additionally, most developed countries have a higher population of the elderly because of their economic transition. It is notable that the number of deaths coupled by the increasing population of the elderly motivated the authors to conduct a study on high blood pressure. Specifically, the authors wanted to establish the prevalence of high blood pressure among the elderly from urban and the associated risk factors. As a result, Govindasamy et al., (2013) concluded that one in every two people of the studied population is unaware and suffering from hypertension.
Guedes et al., (2011) argue that the entire world is concerned about the low levels of physical activity in the current global population. As a result, the authors conducted a cross sectional study to specifically identify any possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis of sedentary lifestyles in patients with high blood pressure (HBP). The study conducted by Guedes et al., (2011) used a sample of 310 patients who were between eighteen years and sixty-nine years old. Guedes et al., (2011) concluded that demonstrating physical deconditioning, verbalizing preferences for low physical activities, and the lack of training on physical exercises were powerful indicators for identifying sedentary lifestyles in patients with HBP.
Hassan, Ali, and Hussain (2012) argue that the prevalence of HBP in India is 25 percent in urban centers and 10 percent in rural areas. It is known that India is transforming her economy and the prevalence of HBP increases with an improvement in the economy. It is the reason why Hassan, Ali, and Hussain (2012) conducted a cross sectional study with an aim of examining the prevalence of hypertension in Sulatanpur and the surrounding area. It is critical that the authors used a sample of 500 people who were aged 30 and above. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of hypertension within Sulatanpur and its environment was eleven percent.
Jackson et al., (2005) also conducted a study on high blood pressure. According to the authors, people suffering from high blood pressure should be informed of the possible risks caused by HBP because understanding such risks will keep patients on their toes. As a result, the authors examined the possibility of using drugs to lower blood cholesterol and blood pressure based on a patient’s absolute cardiovascular risk. Consequently, Jackson et al., (2005) concluded that adequate reductions in a number of risk factors are more effective than a major reduction in one risk factor. Therefore, the authors suggested using a daily pill with low doses of different drugs on individuals with slightly odd cardiovascular risk factors.
Hypertension in adolescents and children has gained ground in cardiovascular medicine because of the progress made in clinical and pathophysiological research. However, the European Society of Hypertension guidelines on the management of hypertension excluded content on the management of hypertension in children and adolescents. It follows that Lurbe et al.,, (2009) made a publication with guidelines on the management of hypertension in children and adolescents. Lurbe et al., (2009) examined different sources of credible information before reaching a consensus that many specialist would use in managing hypertension in the abovementioned population. Ultimately, the authors concluded that public policy makers should make efforts to improve the treatment and identification of HBP in adolescents and children.
Like Hassan, Ali, and Hussain (2012) Mandal et al, (2010) argue the prevalence of hypertension is higher in developing and developed countries because of the transformation in socio-economic status. Mandal et al., (2010) also argue that it is important to identify risk factors associated with HBP in order to control and prevent the disease appropriately. It is the reason why the authors conducted a cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of HBP and the risk factors associated with the disease in India. A prevalence of 19.80 % was established while risk factors such as age, gender, marital status, occupation, BMI, tobacco and the use of alcohol were identified as the risk factors associated with HBP.
Noordzij et al., (2005) argue high consumption of caffeinate coffee can influence the risk of coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. As evidence, the authors further cite that a consumption of 2-3 cups of coffee has been established to increase the systolic blood pressure by 3-14mmHg. It is the reason why the researchers conducted a meta-analysis with an aim of quantifying the chronic effect of regular intake of caffeine and coffee on blood pressure. As a result, the authors conducted a thorough literature survey using credible sources of literature. It is critical that Noordzij et al., (2005) conclude that regular intake of caffeine increases the blood pressure, but the effect is small...