Review of Literature

Review of literature
Student:
Professor:
Course title:
Date:
Review of Literature
Article 1: Cornelissen, V. A., & Smart, N. A. (2013). Exercise Training for Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Summary of article: the researchers carried out meta-analyses in which they examined the effects of dynamic resistance, endurance, isometric resistance training, as combined resistance and endurance training on resting blood pressure in grown-ups. The researchers aimed at quantifying and comparing blood pressure alters for each mode of training and identify subgroups of patients that exhibited the largest blood pressure alters. Research Elements: the researchers applied randomized controlled trials that lasted for ≥4 weeks. They included 93 trials that involved 29 dynamic resistance, 105 endurance, 14 combined, as well as five isometric resistance groups with 5223 participants. Strength: a large sample totalling 5223 participants was used; hence the results can be generalized. Limitations are: vital scientific criteria were not observed, for instance regular follow-up of control subjects, and appraisal conformance to the training program (Cornelissen & Smart, 2013). Outcomes/Research Results: dynamic resistance, endurance, as well as isometric resistance training reduce diastolic BP and systolic BP, while combined training reduces only diastolic BP. Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses should encourage and support their patients with hypertension to engage in dynamic resistance, endurance, and isometric training so as to reduce their blood pressure, both DBP and SBP.
Article 2: American Heart Association. (2013a). Leisure-time Exercise Could Lower Your Risk of High Blood Pressure. American Heart Association.
Summary of article: physical activity during free time can assist an individual in keeping his/her blood pressure at a level that is healthy. Individuals who had 1-3 hours every week of leisure exercise had an 11% reduced risk in relation to those who had less than 1 hour of activity. Research Elements: the authors pooled results from thirteen studies in regards to the effects of physical activity on BP. It is of note that the studies included 136,846 people in East Asia, Europe or the United States, who at first had healthy BP. Strength: the research involved a very large sample from multiple countries. As such, the results are reliable and could generalized over the entire population. Outcomes/Research Results: Individuals who did exercises for over 4 hours per week during their free time had a 19% lower risk of getting HBP in relation to individuals who did not exercise much (American Heart Association, 2013a). Significance to Nursing and Patient care: it is imperative that nurses encourage and support hypertensive people to engage more in recreational physical activity since this will help in lowering their BP. By engaging in physical activity during leisure time, those without HBP would be protected from developing HBP.
Article 3: Kokkinos, P., & Myers, J. (2012). Exercise in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation; 2010(122): 1637-1648.
Summary of article: the authors present a summary of some of the most influential research studies that explored the link between health, fitness and physical activity. The positive effects of physical activity on the new and the usual cardiovascular risk factors are discussed. Research Elements: the researchers review and discuss many past studies that explored the connection between fitness, physical activity, and health. The researchers consider the clinical applications of the obtained evidence and future directions (Kokkinos & Myers, 2012). Strength: the researchers reviewed and discussed only the most influential and relevant studies pertaining to the subject matter. Weakness: the specific types of physical activities to reduce BP are not described. Outcomes/Research Results: there is consistent finding that many well-controlled studies show substantial drop in blood pressure following aerobic exercise programs. The conclusion drawn from these earlier studies is as follows: aerobic exercise training reduces blood pressure in persons with stage one HBP by ≈3.4 mm Hg to 10.5 for SBP, and ≈2.4 mm Hg to 7.6. Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses should recommend their patients to engage in aerobic exercises so as to reduce BP especially in people with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension (HTX).
Article 4: University of Oregon. (2012). Exercise Benefits Found for Pregnancies with High Blood Pressure, Researchers say. ScienceDaily.
Summary of article: different to popular thought, exercising regularly prior to, and for the duration of pregnancy can have positive effects for ladies who develop HBP during gestation. Research Elements: the research team observed that the placental ischemia-induced HTN in rats was reduced through exercise, and was accompanied by a reinstatement of many circulating factors which have been demonstrated to be vital in causing the HBP linked to preeclampsia. Weakness: the study was not conducted on human subjects but on rats; hence the findings cannot be generalized to the human population and cannot be relied on. Outcomes/Research Results: the research findings increase the likelihood that exercise routines if begun prior to pregnancy and sustained during most of the pregnancy might be a vital way for ladies to alleviate the risk of preeclampsia (University of Oregon, 2012). Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses need to recommend exercise regimens to female adult patients who plan to get pregnant, since their engagement in physical activity will help to reduce their BP and lower their risk for developing preeclampsia.
Article 5: Cornelissen, V. A., Fagard, R. H., Coeckelberghs, E., & Vanhees, L. (2011). Impact of Resistance training on Blood Pressure and other Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Hypertension; 58(5):950-8.
Summary of article: the researchers re-examined the effect of resistance training on blood pressure as well as other cardiovascular risk factors in grown-ups. Research Elements: the researchers included a total of 28 randomized, controlled trials that involved 33 study groups and 1,012 partakers. Fixed-effects and random-effects models were utilized for analyses. Data was reported as weighted means and the confidence limits was 95%. Weakness: small sample size of only 1,012 was used hence the results cannot be generalized to the entire population. Outcomes/Research Results: on the whole, resistance training brought about a substantial reduction in BP in 28 prehypertensive or normotensive study groups, whilst the decrease was not much for the five hypertensive study groups (Cornelissen et al., 2010). Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses should recommend isometric handgrip training, as well as resistance training since they have the potential for lowering blood pressure.
Article 6: Pal, S., Bagatini, S. R., & Ho, S. (2013). Potential Benefits of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Vascular Function. Journal of American Society of Hypertension; 7(6).
Summary of article: physical activity appears to improve cardiovascular fitness in the lifecycle. It also seems to improve blood pressure, and is linked to reduced prevalence of HTN and coronary heat disease. Research Elements: the authors conducted the review basing upon earlier original articles, meta-analyses, as well as systematic reviews that are indexed on PubMed from ’75 to the year 2012 to identify studies on dissimilar sorts of exercise, as well as the effects of connections on BP. Strength: extensive literature were reviewed covering over 35 years, and this makes the results credible. Outcomes/Research Results: aerobic exercise that comprises 30-40 minutes of doing training at 60 percent to 85 percent of predicted maximal heart rate in nearly all week days seems to substantially improve BP and lower the augmentation index. Resistance training greatly improves BP (Pal, Bagatini & Ho, 2013). Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses should advice their patients to engage in aerobic exercises especially resistance training in order to improve their blood pressure.
Article 7: Jorge, A. R., & Paula, A. (2012). Hypertension and Exercise. Elsevier.
Summary of article: aerobic exercise is virtually totally free of any secondary effects, and it is an essential adjunctive therapy in the treatment of HTN. There are a number of likely mechanisms to account for the positive effects of doing exercises in lowering BP, the resultant physiological effects typically being categorized as chronic, post-exercise or acute. Research Elements: the authors present a review on the various BP responses to physical activity amongst patients who are hypertensive, including its modulators, as well as prognostic and diagnostic usefulness. Strength: various forms of aerobic exercises were investigated by the authors. Outcomes/Research Results: blood pressure response to exercises is especially helpful in prognostic stratification of patients with HTN and for diagnosing silent cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise has been demonstrated to lower the incidence of HTN and to reduce blood pressure in people with HTN, with systolic BP dropping by 5 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg, though less among the elderly hypertensives. Resistance training reduces diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure (Jorge & Paula, 2012). Significance to Nursing and Patient care: nurses should recommend their patients to engage in aerobic exercises and resistance training so as to lower SBP and DBP.
Article 8: Dimeo, F., Pagonas, N., Seibert, F., Arndt, R., Zidek, W., & Westhoff, T. H. (2012). Aerobic Exercise Reduces Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertension. Hypertension; 60(3):653.
Summary of article: the researchers examined whether exercise results in a decrease of BP in resistant HTN. Research Elements: the randomized controlled trial investigated the cardiovascular effects of aerobic exercises on resistant HTN. A total of 50 subjects with resistant HTN were randomly assigned to take part or not to take part in an 8 to 12 week treadmill exercise program. BP was measured through twenty-four hour monitoring. Cardiac index and arterial compliance were measured with the use of pulse wave analysis. Weakness: the study used a very small sample ...