Concept Analysis of Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in Healthcare Delivery

Concept Analysis of Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in
Healthcare Delivery
Student
University: School
Course #
Professor
Abstract
Transcultural nursing is an essential aspect in nursing care and has been a basis for formulating culturally competent nursing care approaches. With the increase in cultural diversity, attaining cultural competency is becoming a vital aspect of nursing care. The conceptual model analyzed herein reveals that culturally competent care can address racial biases, address health inequities, enhance respect for patient’s values, and lead incorporation of patient’s culture in nursing care. Cultural awareness is essential in identifying the similarities and differences among individual culture or patients. Each care approach must be personalized with the needs of the patient to be culturally competent care.
Key Words: transcultural nursing, culturally competent care, cultural diversity, cultural awareness, conceptual models, nursing, individual, similarities, respect, biases, inequity, acculturation
Introduction
Importance to Nursing Practice, Research, and Education
There are numerous care approaches or models that have been proposed in order to address the challenges associated with nursing care. There is a drastic increase in ethnic and racial diversity in many nations and regions. As populations become more diverse, there is a need for cultural consciousness during care delivery. Attaining cultural competence in healthcare delivery is essential because it assists in meeting the needs of the patients. Additionally, this is essential because it is a basis for enhancing the patient-centeredness and cultural sensitivity of the caregivers. Notably, nurses are the primary caregivers in the healthcare sector. The current approaches to care within the nursing professional seldom reflects the trends in population. There is a need to create appropriate care models that include the diverse needs of patients and ensure that issues such as beliefs, values, norms, and traditions are considered before an intervention is adopted for a specific population or group of people. While there is a numerous challenge leading to health disparities, enhancing the cultural competence of care is essential in reducing the degree of these disparities (Loftin, Hartin, Branson, & Reyes, 2013).
Campinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence is a theory that has numerous benefits in nursing practice, research, and education. One of the apparent benefits of this model is its ability to develop care that is aligned with the needs, beliefs, and values of the patient. This is essential because it forms a basis of how well a patient can cope with the care strategies as well as the levels of satisfaction from the proposed care. Cultural competence can be explained as an ability to be aware of the culture, demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the patient’s culture and needs, and accepts the cultural differences during care delivery. In the contemporary healthcare system, nursing practitioners are forced to attain culturally competent perspectives in order to deliver care effectively (Davidhizar, Havens, & Bechtel, 1999). Concerning cultural awareness, the nurse is able to understand his or her own biases towards the culture of the patients, as well as evaluate his or her cultural background. The primary constructs for cultural competence are “cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters and cultural desire” (Transcultural CARE Associates, n.d.). Cultural competence is essential for delivering patient-centerd care, which treats each patient independently. It is a sound foundation for developing care approaches that are sensitive to the patient’s needs. There is no way a nursing practitioner can offer patient-centerd care without being culturally competent (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). Therefore, the concept of cultural competence is essential for nursing practice, research, and education.
Importance of Concepts for Health Equity and Quality Care
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health equity “implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential” (WHO, n.d.). On the other hand, quality care is described as care that is safe, effective, timely, efficient, equitable, and centerd on people (Quality of Care Network, 2017). As noted earlier, someone who is culturally competent is one “possessing the attitudes, knowledge, and skill necessary for providing quality care to a diverse population; on other words, the capacity to deliver culturally appropriate care” (Loftin, Hartin, Branson, & Reyes, 2013). In order to attain healthcare equity and enhance the responsiveness to patient’s needs, cultural competency is essential. When healthcare providers are culturally competent, there is a high degree of improved care outcomes and quality of care. It is believed that a culturally competent healthcare system minimizes any form of cultural, racial, or ethnic biases, hence assist in addressing health inequalities (Health Policy Institute, 2003).
In contemporary society, transcultural nursing is becoming an essential factor that needs to be incorporated into nursing care. Healthcare equity and quality care are directly hinged on the cultural competency of caregiver, healthcare organizations, and the standards or policies guiding the practitioners and organizations. As Leininger (1996) noted, the “transcultural reality has made nurses keenly aware of the need for and the importance of theories that have transcultural meaning and relevance” (Leininger, 1996, p. 71). In this regard, the training modules must include cultural concepts and equip nurses with appropriate skills that allow them to think critically and develop care that enhances equity and quality, at the same time incorporating the cultural needs of the patients. Health equity can only be achieved when multicultural diversity becomes an essential factor in the organization’s development of care strategies. A culturally competent practitioner must be able to embrace cultural encounters and develop individualized plans of care that starts with assessments based on the cultural perspectives of the client (Davidhizar, Havens, & Bechtel, 1999). This will seal the existing gaps related to health disparities and ensure that there are improved care outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Cultural competence and patient-centeredness are essential aspects of the quest for enhancing quality. In this regard, every patient must be understood as a unique person, with particular values, beliefs, and needs. Through culturally competent care, the individual is able to instil a sense of trust and confidence in the individual by characterizing the patient’s issues and creates a basis for relationships (Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008). “Culture care emphasizes consideration of a patient’s beliefs and heritage when developing a healthcare plan” (Albougami, Pounds, & Alotaibi, 2016, p. 1). Based on the Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence, cultural competency is an outcome of a process where the nurse attempts to attain utmost efficiency as well as the ability to work effectively in a culturally diverse environment while he or she is providing care to the family, community, or individual (Albougami, Pounds, & Alotaibi, 2016). In this process, the aim is to enhance care quality and attain possible care equity.
Measurable Elements of the Concept
Cultural competence is a comprehensive approach to healthcare delivery and is known to offer significant positive impacts. In nursing care, it centers on the ability to negotiate across cross-cultural differences to attain the objectives of the practice or intervention. There are four main elements of cultural competence: awareness, attitudes, knowledge, and skills (Davidhizar, Havens, & Bechtel, 1999). Concerning awareness, it is essential to evaluate the issues related to cultural diversity as well as the beliefs of the people to understands the perspectives, prejudices, and stereotypes that can create barriers to effective care. Notably, there are numerous differences and negatives issues on each individual based on cultural perspectives or constructs. Another essential aspect of cultural competence is attitudes. Attitudes are the values and beliefs that impact cross-cultural effectiveness because they illustrate the level of tolerance for people having different views of opinions from us. When we are stronger about the beliefs or values we have, there are higher chances of reacting with strong emotions when we encounter people with different perspectives (Davidhizar, Havens, & Bechtel, 1999).
In nursing practice, knowing the people culture will assist in eliminating any form of barriers resulting from ignorance. Knowledge is also a basis for people to understand how values, beliefs, and traditions impact problem solving, people management, and other forms of assistance. This will enhance the communication between the nurse and the provider. The communication or relationship between practitioners and patients is usually affected by differences in verbal and non-verbal communication. The final element in this concept is a skill. This is an essential factor because, an individual can be culturally aware, possess the right attitude, and lack skills to manage cultural differences effectively. In this regard, nursing practitioners must acquire appropriate skills to effectively apply theoretical knowledge in practice, especially when handling issues with cultural sensitivity (Andrews & Boyle, 2002).
The measurement of cultural competence concepts aims to highlight what nursing practitioners or care providers must understand to be effective in care delivery. Cultural competence measurement is used in identifying the gaps and disparities that must be addressed when developing care models. With an increase in cultural competence among care providers, there is a significant increase in the inclusivity, healthcare equity, and care quality within the organization. The assessments can utilize surveys, interviews, and observation to establish the levels of cultural competence within the institution. This centers on understanding the diverse care approaches and ensuring that any gaps are addressed to suit the patient expectations. This is usually achieved through having a comprehensive cultural skill, which allows people to collect information and evaluate its cultural competency (Campinha-Bacote, 2011).
Aims of the Analysis
Theories are created to communicate unique and unifying concepts regarding a certain subject and are used to formulate answers to certain questions as well as offer insights on how certain phenomena are interrelated. In this regard, a theory usually aims to establish an exact approach to issues in the real world as they are experienced. The purpose of the concept analysis is to establish the core features in transcultural nursing, and how culturally competent care is achieved based on the Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence. Through systematic and objectives assessment, the analysis will identify the concepts, the main characteristics and attributes, its significance to nursing practice, research, and education. In analyzing concepts or theories, the aim is to breakdown the theory into various strategies, with each part being examined individually as it relates to others or external factors.
Essentially, the analysis of this model aims to establish the importance of cultural competency in nursing care. As populations become more diverse, there is a need to formulate care approaches that are comprehensive and consider the diverse patient’s needs. There are several elements needed in attaining cultural competency. Through the concept analysis, we will be able to understand the biased healthcare systems that offer the privilege to certain cultures. In this...