Are Nurses Using Their Cellphones for Clinical Purposes?

Are Nurses Using their Cell Phones for Clinical Purposes?
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Theoretical Framework Based on the literature review, nurses use smartphones for work purposes, i.e., communication, information seeking, and documentation (Bautista, Rosenthal, Lin, & Theng, 2018). Therefore, based on these factors, here are some relevant theories. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) suggests that an individual's behavior is determined by their attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). In the context of nurses' use of cell phones at work, TPB can be used to examine the factors that influence their intention to use cell phones and the extent to which they perceive that they have control over their cell phone use. The Theory of Organizational Support (TOS) suggests that an organization's support for its employees can influence their attitudes, behavior, and job satisfaction. Actions taken by agents of the organization are often viewed as indications of the organization's intent rather than attributed solely to the agents' personal motives (Rhoades & Eisenberger, 2002). In the context of nurses' use of cell phones at work, TOS can be used to examine how nurses perceive that their organization supports their use of cell phones at work and how this perception influences their behavior. The Theory of IT Consumerization (TITC) suggests that the consumerization of information technology can influence how individuals use technology in their personal and professional lives. Further, the theory posits that using privately-owned devices for business improves work performance (Niehaves, Köffer, & Ortbach, 2013). In the context of nurses' use of cell phones in work, TITC can be used to examine how the consumerization of cell phones and their features has influenced nurses' attitudes and behavior toward cell phone use. These theories can provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence nurses' use of cell phones at work, including their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, organizational support, and the consumerization of cell phones. Conceptual Framework
Theory of Planned Behaviour
 Instrumental Attitude, Affective attitude, Injunctive Norm, Descriptive Norm, & Perceived Behavioural Control
 
Nurses using their cell phones for clinical purposes
 
Organizational Support Theory
- Perceived Organizational Support
IT Consumerization Theory
- Perceived Work Productivity
- The perceived quality of careMethodology Study Design This research will utilize a qualitative research design.  Qualitative research helps generate hypotheses as well as further investigate and understand quantitative data (Tenny, Brannan, & Brannan, 2023). Qualitative methods are well-suited for exploratory research as they allow for open-ended and flexible data collection and analysis. The relevance of this research question requires a deeper understanding of the context in which nurses use smartphones for clinical purposes. An exploratory research design will allow the participants to share their experiences and perceptions that will allow the researcher to get a comprehensive view of the phenomenon (Tenny, Brannan, & Brannan, 2023). Participants All the respondents for this study must be currently employed and own a smartphone. They must also be primary caregivers in critical care units. The study sample will be selected for intentional convenience to collect information relevant to the study. The inclusion criteria will be:

1. They must own and understand how to operate a cell phone.
2. . They must be currently working as a Critical Care nurse. If they are not allowed to use a smartphone during their working hours is an exclusion criterion. Unlicensed and student nurses are not included in the study.

The sampling strategy is purposeful. This is to ensure that all participants meet the criterion discussed above. Purposeful sampling allows researchers to select individuals that are relevant to the research questions to ensure that they collect rich data (Palinkas, et al., 2015). Therefore, in this case, purposeful sampling is meant to identify and select information-rich cases relevant to the research questions. Data Collection Tools The most appropriate tool for collecting the qualitative data required for this study is by using in-person interviews. The researcher would develop an interview guide and organize for one-on-one interviews with the participants. The interviews will be conducted in-person through virtual platforms and physically for the nurses who can be reached. The time and location of the interviews will be agreed upon by the participants and the interviewer. The researcher will be guided by and interview guide which has open ended questions related to the research question. Open-ended questions do not provide participants with a predetermined set of answer choices, instead allowing the participants to provide responses in their own words (Albudaiwi, 2017). Semi-structured interviews provide a good balance between structure and flexibility. It allows researchers to have predetermined set of questions in the guide but also allow for open ended questions. The researcher can also seek clarification and explore new insights as the interview progresses. The in-person interviews also allow participants to share their thoughts and opinions in their own words which provides rich data for coding and theme development later in data analysis (Ruslin, et al., 2022). This approach also allows users to explore and dig deeper into each research topic to get more detailed information. the researcher is also able to get first hand information that can help in contextualizing the data to enhance its quality. These advantages make in-person interviews the best data collection tool for this exploratory study on nurses’ use of cellphones for clinical use. Data Collection Permission must be sought from the relevant review, oversight, and supervisory authorities. In this case, the researcher must obtain permission from relevant oversight, review and supervisory authorities to do their study. The permission can be a letter authorizing the researcher to conduct the study for educational purposes. The letter should be produced on demand to any party directly or indirectly involved in the interview. This will also call for all the participants to be informed about the research purpose and their rights on how to conduct the research. First, they need to be contacted and consented to. They will be contacted by phone call, message, or email to seek their consent to participate in the research. Data will be collected through individual, semi-structured interviews with participants. The interviews will be conducted in person or through virtual platforms, depending on participants' preferences and availability. An in...