Types of Research Validity and Design

Research Methods Paper
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Types of Research Validity
External validity delineates how far the research or study can go in deriving conclusions from a particular research sample and using it to inform the larger populace or other specific population groups. Researchers can conceptualize the difference between the wider populace as well as other target populace since external validity incorporates two distinct models. Generalizability implies the conclusions centered on the sample derived from a delineated populace, and transportability means deductions are centered on the sample targeted at a distinct population. The reliability of transportability and generalizability inferences is based on the degree to which each might account for diverse dimensions, including treatments, units, time, outcomes, settings, and mechanisms (Findley et al., 2021). Internal validity refers to the degree to which the observed results depict the authenticity or truth within the studied population and, therefore, cannot be derived from methodological mistakes. The internal validity of the research could be undermined by different factors, including measurement errors or the study participants’ selection (Patino & Ferreira, 2018). Therefore, researchers need to consider the potential for these errors and address them.
Construct validity delineates all types of validity and refers to the degree to which a particular measure sufficiently evaluates the construct that it is initially designed to assess. In other words, it is the degree to which a measurement instrument precisely depicts the theoretical framework of the construct and thus assesses it as it purports (Guerda & Chaira, 2020). Conclusion validity is the extent to which inferences derived from relationships in the data are authentic or relatively reasonable. It applies to both qualitative and quantitative research. In quantitative analysis, conclusion validity implies the inferences derived about whether the apparent cause and effect vary together (Guerda & Chaira, 2020).
Types of Research Designs
Non-experimental research design is a study that is independent of the manipulation of predictor or independent variables. Predictor variables are parameters utilized to anticipate other variables’ outcomes. They are the experiment proportion manipulated to establish the impacts on the dependent variables. Instead, the study is performed by observing and assessing non-manipulated variables within the environment in which they happen and examining them to derive inferences. Quasi-experimental research design tests causal hypotheses and is devoid of random assignment. It identifies a comparison cluster similar to the treatment group with respect to pre-intervention characteristics. True experimental research design depends on the statistical appraisal to disprove or prove a hypothesis. In this way, it is the most accurate and authentic research form (Trochim, 2022). Of the above-delineated experimental research designs, only true design establishes the cause-effect relationship within a given group.
Research Design Types and Validity Threats
Non-experimental research incorporates the lowest internal validity since i...