Questions about the American Culture

American Cultures Take Home Final Exam
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1 True or false? The process of globalization began in the mid-19th century-True
 2. Name the five principal identity groups emerging from England who settled in the Thirteen Colonies during the early American colonial period.-East Anglians, Quakers, Puritans, Presbyterians and West Country Gentry (Ramachandran, 2022c).
 3. Name one imperial country, besides England, from which the EARLY settlers of (what would become) the United States came. Spain
 4. List four countries that became imperial powers during the Age of Empire. Germany, the United States, Russia, and Italy (Hobson, 2018).
 5. True or false? According to Stuart Hall, “culture” is the collection of traditions historically inherited, and individual consciousness has no agency to modify that which belongs to communities as a whole.-True
 6. True or false? The United States refused to become a colonizer after gaining independence through the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). True
 7. Provide an example of an “attempt to institutionalize critiques of illegitimate forms of authority,” according to Cornel West. –One example is women’s movements rallying against male authority (West & Brown, 1993, pp.9).
 8. According to Stuart Hall, culture is dialectical. What does the term “dialectical” mean? (a sentence )- According to Stuart, dialectal refers to different entities coming together to formulate a completely new thing (Ramachandran, 2020d). 
 9. Stuart Hall talks about the “3R’s”; State and define R #1. The first R represents resources, which are things human beings require for survival, such as primary resources that include shelter, food and clothing, or secondary resources such as nurturing and a job, which aid in achieving primary resources (Ramachandran, 2020d). 
10. State and define R #2. The second R stands for rights which are principles guaranteed to all citizens by society.
11. State and define R #3. The third R stands for representation, which denotes an individual having a presence and a voice in their government (Ramachandran, 2020d).
12. Provide a definition for “class”, as discussed in this course: Class refers to an individual’s relationship to the creation of wealth in a society.
13. Provide a definition for “race”, as discussed in this course: Race denotes an indicator of one’s identity based on their look (Ramachandran, 2020a).
14. Provide a definition for “nationality”, as discussed in this course: Nationality is a country’s documented citizenship (Ramachandran, 2020a).
15. True or false? Gender identity is limited to one’s biological sex at birth. False.
16. Why is Christopher Columbus an important historical figure to study when discussing the history of inclusion and exclusion in the United States? According to Ramsamy and Tate (2011, pp. 51), Columbus was a critical historical figure in the history of inclusion and exclusion as a Roman Catholic figure. His introduction of Christianity in the United States led to an end to Catholics’ opposition and attack and their acceptance into the American culture as part of the Christian community.
17. According to Kwame Anthony Appiah, what is essentialism? Essentialism is the belief that human groups have similar fundamental properties that explain their mutual superficial appearances and deep affinities in their moral and social lives (Appiah, 2015, pp. 4).
18. According to one of our readings, the five basic and immediate needs for physical human survival are: (list the five needs). The basic and immediate needs are food, sleep, water, oxygen and protection from different elements (Atapattu, 2008).
19. Define the first core value of “America” and “American-ness”. The first core value is republicanism, defined as the form of government with sovereign people and no particular class of rulers (Ramachandran, 2020a). 
 20. Define the second core value of “America” and “American-ness”. constitutionalism is the second core value, which denotes a form of government grounded on the observance of the law as documented in the Constitution instead of following the will of the rulers, customs or culture (Ramachandran, 2020b).
21. Define the third core value of “America” and “American-ness”. denominationalism refers to accepting and lenience toward differences as an essential aspect of a larger sense of unity (Ramachandran, 2020b). 
 22. According to Michael J. Friedman, what does communal American identity embrace and encompass? According to Michael Friedman, collective American identity holds a pluralism that extends beyond ethnic, spiritual and tribal boundaries and includes a robust civil commitment to personal liberty and a representative government comprising of restricted and defined powers that reverence freedom (Friedman, 2007).
 23. In his speech, how does Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. describe his idea of “the American Dream”? Dr. King Jr’s American dream is of a country where black people, formerly enslaved people and white people, enslavers, would sit together as one. He dreams of an America where children and black people will not be predisposed to racism due to their skin color but their character. He also dreams that the whole country would be leveled down for every citizen, thereby building faith and harmony among all (King Jr., 1963, pp. 4-6). 
 24. True or False: A large scale movement of populations, goods, and ideas has been taking place for the last 500 years. True.
25. Who proclaimed that “the problem of the 20th Century is the problem of the color line”? W.E.B. Du Bois.
26. What is social distance, sociologically defined? It is the supposed distance between people or social group members who do not interact with each other (Ramachandran, 2020d).
27. What is stereotyping? It is the human mind’s inclination to diminish complex issues into simple generalizations and exaggerations (Ramachandran, 2020d).
28. What is xenophobia? It refers to the fear of the other or one who i...