What was the urban reform movement?

THE RISE OF THE URBAN REFORM MOVEMENT AND THE LASTING EFFECTS IN THE US
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Unlike revolutionary movements which are mostly social movements that are radical in nature, reform movements are social movements that aim at making gradual changes or attain some specific goals in a society as opposed to making hurried or major changes. The reformists, i.e. the participants or those spearheading these reform movements, are often advancing ideals that are established on liberalism, even though they may have roots in socialism and concepts of religion. While some reformist movements may depend on transformation of personal transformation of an individual, quite a number of reforms have also been based on smaller objectives that form a collection of social needs. As reform movements take root, there are, more often than not, one or more forces trying to retain the status quo. These are what are termed as the reactionary movements.
Urban Reform Movement, or progressivism as often referred is a type of reform movement that sprang up in the late 18th to the 19th Centuries as a response to the widely spread corruption among public official and civic leaders. It all started as a municipal reform movement that gave rise to a number of innovations that have now become synonymous with the common features of county, town and city governments as we know them today. These reform movements intent was to rid the respective community of , among other factors, graft and corruption through introduction of ballot system of voting in elections, high levels of patronage by adopting regulations to that would purge the civil service, direct party nominations by adoption of party primaries and abolishment of party conventions, aristocratic movements by fostering civil society to have greater control of city governments and ridding of partisan elections by instituting different timelines for national and state elections. The latter election innovations were actually adopted as efforts th...