Biology of Sexual Orientation in Mammalian Males and Females

Psychology Project
Name
Institution
Introduction
Questions
Question One
Review of the most Recent Research on the Biology of Sexual Orientation in Mammalian Males and Females
The most fundamental question that most people do ask themselves about sexual behavior is about attraction and arousal. People have been asking themselves why someone is attracted to one another. Many people have been asking themselves why men are attracted to women and women are attracted to men, and men are attracted to men, women attracted to women. Most of researchers have never agreed on what could be the possible cause of this act. Others have blamed it on sexual orientation and others have connected to biological factors like genes and chromosomes. Most people are of the opinion that sexual orientation which is all about homosexuality and heterosexuality is determined by factors like social constraints and educational background. There are other studies that have pointed out that prenatal factors have played an important role in influencing humans sexual attraction or sexuality. Sexual orientation is described as is a sexually differentiated trait and statistics has it that 90% of men are sexually attracted to women and the vice versa is true. To begin with, in mammals both males and females, sexual orientation is organized during early life by what is known as sex steroids. Two kinds of evidence that support this argument has been founded that support this notion. To begin with, many sexually differentiated behavioral factors, morphological or physiological traits are greatly different in homosexuals and heterosexual people. This is because some of these traits are widely known to be organized by prenatal steroids which consist of testosterone hormone. These variances or differences show that homosexuals, averagely, were exposed to unusual endocrine conditions during the early stages of their development. The second evidence to support this notion, it is about clinical conditions that are associated with important endocrine alterations during the development of embryonic life normally result in an increased cases of homosexuality. From those two evidences, it can therefore be concluded that prenatal endocrine surrounding has a critical role in determination of human sexual orientation. However, it is important to note that the huge variance in this behavioral trait has remained unexplained to date. Finally, when explaining human sexual orientation, it is important to recognize that genetic differences can affect behavior directly or by altering embryonic hormone secretion or an action may be involved.
Question Two
Review of latest Research about the Science of Sleep
Sleep plays an important role in the development of both animals and human beings. This paper will be reviewing the science behind sleep. For many years, people have been trying to discover the meaning of dreams, but they have found answers to their concerns. Early civilized people used think that dream was a medium of communication between the people on earth and that of gods. There have been so many theories that have been established to explain the science behind sleep, but answers have not been found. Technological advancements have enabled for the development of other theories to explain the science behind sleep.
Question Three
The Most Recent Research on the Biology of Learning in Relation to Protein Phosphatasem, Long Term Protentiation and Optogenetics
Learning refers to the process of results into relatively permanent change in an individual’s behavior. This paper will be looking into some biological theories that have written about learning as well as brain structures that are associated with the learning and memory. To begin with, there are some two theories that have been used to explain the cellular basis of learning as well as ability to memorize events or issues. The firs t theory is known as Nucleotide Rearrangement; the theory states that changes of chemical in the body are linked to or are responsible for learning process. The second theory that explains learning is known as the Cellular Modification Theory that was proposed by Kendel and his associates. This theory is based on the habituation, conditioning and sensitization is relation to learning. Different researchers have found out that increase in the production of neurotransmitters will lead to increased rate of response of Sensory Motor Neurons Synapses. If this happens, it will lead to the sensitization and conditioning. Nevertheless, low level of neurotransmitters will lead to a slowed synaptic response that will lead to habituation.
Hippocampus that is located in the temporal lobe has got an important role to play in the learning and memory. It is important to note that the hippocampus that is in the brain plays an important role in the consolidation of both short term and long term memory which is an important thing in the learning process. In addition to that it is important to note that hippocampus is what is responsible for the development of new memories that are related to experiences. There are two Hippocampi in the brain; one is on the left and the other on the right of hemisphere. A process known as Long-Term Potentiation (LPT) that is located in the hippocampus is responsible for the increase in the responsivity of neural. Recent studies have shown that plays an important role in the spatial learning. Protein Phosphatase (PP1) is also responsible for learning in that it plays an important role in the muscle contraction, cell progression, spicing of RNA, mitosis, glycogen metabolism and membrane receptors regulation.
Question Four
The Movie “The Lobotomist” Portrays the Life of Psychiatrist and Neurologist Walter Freeman
The Lobotomist imovie is about a medical maverick who considers himself as a genius who is determined to free the world from mental illness. The Lobotonist Movie exposes what could be considered as one of the darkest chapters in the American medicine. This movie revolves a certain Doctor by the name Walter Freeman who is making desperate attempts to treat a large number of psychiatric patients is in need for help in the mid of 20th century. Dr. Freeman desperate to free the world from madness saw a solution in the lobotomy. Lobotomy is based on the operation of brain with an intention of minimizing of the severity of psychotic symptoms.
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