Sexual Orientation, Science of Sleep, Biology of Learning, Material Brain, and Stress

Psychology
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Institution
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1. Sexual Orientation
Biological factors determine sexual orientation. They make them have some influence on the social policy decisions due to some reasons. Latest research shows that the possibility of a person getting attracted to a person of the same sex is as a result of an orientation that they get before they are born. Biological factors are those that are as a result of the characteristics that a person has that they get from birth. These characteristics are as a result of genes or hormones that a person inherits from the family they come from. It means that the sexual orientation that makes a person to be attracted to a person of the same sex or of a different sex is as a result of biological factors.
The research explains that a person is not attracted to people of the same sex out of choice, but it is as a result of orientation they get before birth. Scientific evidence shows that the parents of a person cannot be blamed for the sexual orientation of a person. The research showed that same-sex orientation in men relates to a particular chromosomal region which is a gay gene that is arguably hereditary.
Social policy decisions are decisions made from a political or governmental setting on social matters. Biological factors on sexual orientation have some effects on the social policy decisions. There are many policies that are made meant to govern the sexual activities. The policies vary in different states. In most states, they are set to eradicate homosexuality which is the act of sex between people of the same sex. The latest research on sexual orientation will influence these policies because it shows that homosexuality is not out of choice, but it is as a result of biological factors. Biological factors cannot be changed just by making a decision. They are as a result of hormones or genetics, and a person has little to do to change them.
2. The Science of Sleep
The science of sleep is a film that has its story based on the life of a character named Stephane who likes artworks. Due to some reasons, his life turns to one that he is unable to differentiate between reality and dreams. He has made friends with his neighbor Stephanie who he later realizes has the same passion for art and creative works like him. She has a friend Zoe whom he becomes interested in. Stephane goes through difficult phases where he is seen experiencing nightmares. Stephane is seen to have sleep problems. At night, in his sleep, he often sleepwalks and does many things that even himself cannot explain. His state is a form of sleep deprivation where a person is unable to rest in their sleep due to something that is disturbing their mind. There are different causes of sleep deprivation which are either complete or partial lack of sleep.
There are biological factors that cause sleep deprivation. The factors are those that are as a result of genes or hormones found in the body of a person. They are factors that are in most cases inherited from the family line of a person. Biological factors that affect sleep are experienced when the person is not able to sleep maybe due to some reasons found in their family lineage. For example, if in the family there is a problem of some family members sleep walking. It means that in case any of the siblings in the lineage experiences such a problem, it will be as a result of the biological factors.
Other factors that cause sleep deprivation are behavioral factors. Behavioral factors are the factors that are as a result of how a person tends to behave or carry on with their lives. An example is where a person sacrifices sleep so that they can socialize with friends. It is a behavioral factor because it is as a result of the behavior of the individual that he or she is unable to sleep. The example in the science of sleep is where Stephane spends sleepless nights as he attempts to work on his articles with Stephanie. It is a behavioral factor of partial sleep deprivation.
3. Biology of Learning and Memory
Learning is a process of acquiring memory where a person learns something and keeps it in the brain. Memory is the ability to keep something that has been absorbed into the brain and being able to retrieve it when sometimes needed later. There are two types of memory namely declarative and procedural memory. The two kinds are independent, and there is a possibility of one losing either but remains with the other. In declarative memory, the cerebrum and hippocampus are important while in procedural memory, the cerebellum is important. It holds both the conscious and unconscious life of an individual together. Declarative memory is lost upon the destruction of the Mediodorsal Thamalus which is the relay center of the human brain.
Two theories are used to explain learning and memory from a biological perspective. The ideas include the Nucleotide Rearrangement theory which states that learning has a connection to chemical changes in the body where more and harder training enhances memory of a person. The other theory is the Cellular Modification Theory which states that learning and memory are related to the habituation, sensitization, and conditioning in a person.
Protein phosphate 1 (PP1) are essential to the human brain for synaptic functions. They are involved in negative regulations of roles in the brain that require very high order like learning and memory.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP) is a process that occurs in the hippocampus. The term is used to refer to an increase in neural responsivity Optogenetics are substances that scientists have utilized in the near past to improve the memory of mice. They have achieved this through stimulation of neurons found in the cerebral amygdala. The treated mice were able to have a longer memory.
Question 4:
The Lobotomist movie represents a time when Americans desperately needed a solution to the problem of the rising number of people diagnosed with mental illnesses such as maniac depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. The movie depicts how into the crisis a man by the name Dr Walter Freeman stepped in to provide a solution to the problem. The doctor came up lobotomy as the solution to the problem, which is a procedure that involves a surgical operation on the frontal part of the brain with an aim of treating the mental...