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ASSIGNMENT 08 AR300 Art History Directions: Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be a minimum of one (1) single-spaced page to a maximum of two (2) pages in length; refer to the "Assignment Format" page for specific format requirements. 1. Discuss the development and characteristics of Abstract Expressionism; be sure to include Gorky, Pollock, and de Kooning in your discussion, using examples of their work as discussed in the text. 2. Discuss the development and characteristics of Pop Art; include Hamilton, Johns, Rauschenburg, and Warhol in your discussion. This is the end of Assignment 08. Lecture Notes Welcome to the final lesson of the course! In Lesson 8, we examine the art of the late twentieth century up to our current period, including the influences of Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and Environmental Art. Abstract Expressionism was a movement in mid-twentieth century painting that was concerned with expressing, through line and color, the artist's subjective experiences and reactions rather than the objective situations that caused them. Russian painter Wassily Kasinsky and the Surrealist movement are credited with originating abstract impressionism, which, unlike previous artists, created paintings with neither form nor recognizable content. It became centered in New York City (called the New York school), and included action painters like Jackson Pollock, whose unique methods included interlacing lines of dripped paint in an almost infinite series of arabesques, as well as Willem de Kooning and Frank Kline, who each used broad brush strokes to create rhythms in undefined and unlimited space. If you look in any dictionary, encyclopedia, or art book under "Pop Art," you will invariably see Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup can. Although Pop Art originated in London over a decade before he turned Herberton Williams's 1898 red-and-white can design with the gold seal of the 1900 Paris Exhibition into a pre-fab artwork, Warhol is still recognized by most, wrongly, as the progenitor of Pop Art. An expressionist outgrowth of the Baby Boom generation, Pop Art is concerned chiefly with combining the commercial art or iconography of others in collages or examples depicted in untraditional ways. In short, Pop Art shows us nothing new, just a different way of looking at it. The abstract version of Pop Art, Op Art (short for Optical Art), uses abstract geometry to tantalize the eye and fool it into seeing movement or shapes where none exists. As one critic at the time put it, "[Op Art] is a non-chemically induced psychedelic trip." Minimalism is, as the name suggests, evoking an artistic reaction from the viewer using a minimum of actual material or media. Lines and planes are simplified to their most basic elements, evoking the geometric style of the Cubists without the crowding or detail. Photo-Realism has developed in recent years and uses photographic reality to create images in painting and sculpture that are incredibly lifelike and expresses the artist's social or political points of view. In architecture, the Post-Modern style of the 1970s and 1980s rejects the architectural mantra that "form follows function" and includes both traditional and non-traditional styles together in modern structures. Political movements of the last 30 years have also led to their own styles of art, in which subjects and materials are chosen and used not necessarily for their aesthetic value, but rather for their connection to the politics of the movement itself. Feminist and Environmental Art are two examples given in the textbook. Edward Gibbon, in his monumental History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, included "freakishness in the arts masquerading as originality, and enthusiasm pretending to creativeness" among his social signs of Imperial decay, and the recent work of some modern artists may challenge your thinking of whether we are living in a period of political and social ascendancy or decline. However, artists, like businesspeople, have no standing without a market for their work and are not likely to go too far off the deep end to offend their viewers or propogate a message that no one wants to receive.