Deepwater Spillage
For the Module 4 SLP, you will build on your understanding of the structure of DNA, genetics, and inheritance by exploring some applied genetic engineering techniques. You will review the three papers you have read on the Deepwater Horizon Spill:
Biello D (2010) Clean Up the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Scientific America: May 25, 2010.
Urakawa, H., Garcia, Juan C., Barreto, Patricia D., Molina, Gabriela A., Barreto, Jose C. (2012). A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially induce a change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Archaea to the Bacteria. Environmental Pollution. 164:42-45
Byrd D (2014) How oil spill chemicals cause heart failure in fish. EarthSky Feb 18, 2014.
and consider the effects of toxicity on representative members from three domains:
Archaea - Nitrosopumilus maritimus
Bacteria - Nitrosococcus oceani
Eukarya - Thunnus thynnus (Atlantic Bluefin Tuna)
In order to make connections between the results found in these studies, assess the damage caused by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and move forward in your analysis on how best to remediate the spill.
After analyzing these studies in various assignments in the previous modules, you will now prepare a document for your Shoreline Assessment Team that describes your first interpretation of the data and discusses one approach to remediation that involves genetic engineering.
View these resources to complete this assignment:
Scientific American Instant Egghead Video: Can Microbes clean Up Our Oily Mess?
http://www(dot)scientificamerican(dot)com/video/can-microbes-clean-up-our-oily-mess2013-12-11/
Interview with Professor Barbara Block on BBC News:
http://www(dot)bbc(dot)co(dot)uk/news/science-environment-26184116
Tutorials on Genetic Engineering
Making a Recombinant Plasmid
http://plantandsoil(dot)unl(dot)edu/pages/animation.php?a=making_a_recombinant_plasmid.swf&b=1003514583
Bacteria Transformation http://plantandsoil(dot)unl(dot)edu/pages/animation.php?a=Bacteria_Transformation.swf&b=1003514686
Assignment
Prepare a 2 page document that outlines your analysis of the effects of the Deepwater Spill on study species in the Gulf of Mexico. In your report include:
Part I - Influence of Crude Oil on Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Nitrosococcus oceani
- Which species appeared to be affected by crude oil assays in the Urakawa et al (2012) study? How were they affected in the study?
- Based on what you know about the metabolism of the organisms, which species was more likely to have been successful in an environment with abundant hydrocarbons?
Part II - Influence of Crude Oil on Thunnus thynnus (Atlantic Bluefin Tuna)
- Provide an overview of the documented effects of crude oil on Thunnus thynnus.
- What stage of development is affected and how could this affect the population?
- What economic impact would this have on the area?
- What is a “highly conserved gene?” What relationship do these results have to the effects of hydrocarbons on humans?
Part III - Recommendations for Remediation
Do you recommend genetically engineering a prokaryote to remediate this spill? In your assessment provide reasons for BOTH why and why not this would be a good approach, and describe which genes would need to be targeted and which species would be better suited to be transformed - Nitrosopumilus maritimus or Nitrosococcus oceani.
SLP Assignment Expectations
The Session Long Project consists of an integrative project emphasizing the personalized application of each module's concepts. For Modules 1–5, students are required to engage in an original integrative project reflecting their comprehensive knowledge of and ability to apply the course materials. Each component of the SLP will be graded on a modular basis.
Your essay is considered a scholarly work. You will be provided with many scholarly references to begin each assignment. For any additional research you are required to do to complete your assignment, please use scholarly references such as a peer reviewed journal article or a government sponsored or university sponsored website. As you read through your sources, take notes from your sources and then write your paper in your own words, describing what you have learned from your research. Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit.
When you write your essay, please organize your paper to include an introduction (overview of the assignment), body with subtitles (reflecting the requirements of the assignment), and a summary (develop connections between the required topics).
Deepwater Spillage
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On the 20th of April 2010, the Gulf of Mexico experienced the worst environmental disaster of all time. Over 5 billion barrels of crude oil found their way into the sea water marine ecosystem through spillage. The disaster was coined by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and has had quite massive impact in the ecosystem affecting the living organisms and the humans as well. Although there is a wide array of organisms that were affected by the oil spill, the marine species bear the biggest blow and will do for years to come (Strickland, 2014). This impact is due to the fact that, oil did not only affect the organs in the organisms, but also their genetic coding suffered a blow. This means that, some of the mutated traits will find their way into the future generations.
Some of the species that were affected the most were the prokaryote that nitrifies the marine environment belonging to the group Archaea. In a study conducted in 2012 by Urakawa et al, the Nitrosopumilus maritimus is of the prokaryotes from the Archaea group that was to be most affected by the amount crude oil in the water. According to the study, this organism was inhibited from nitrifying the water, starting from one part per billion of water with crude oil (Urakawa, Garcia, Barreto, Molina & Barreto, 2012). This is quite significant as it could influence the different trophic levels with close reference to nitrogen. With reference to the hydrocarbons in the water, Nitrosococcus oceani would not be affected negatively as it relies on ammonia which has carbon. This means that it would be the more successful of the two species.
Thunnus thynnus is also commonly called the Atlantic Blue fin Tuna. According to a study by the national oceanic and atmosphere administration and Stanford University, oil spillage on the Gulf of Mexico has had some major effects on the heart of the tuna over the years. In the study, they reveal that the tuna fish among other species have had decreased heart beats due to poor contractions of the heart muscles (Hain & Wambaugh, 2014). This has led to the complications of the heart and death, where the tuna experience slowed heart beats and irregular beats. For the heart to beat, it has to have the ability within the cells to move ions such as potassium and calcium rapidly (Byrd, 2014). The crude oil interferes with this process of sending the signals and thus affecting the rate of heart beats. These effects are felt during the larval stage, which is explained by the fact that the spillage took place during the spawning period.
This could affect the economy of the area due to the fact that the tunas are part of the fish sold in the meat industry (Plantandsoil.unl.edu, 2014). At the same time, there are other species of fish that have been affected. Given the impact the spillage has had on the ...