Project: Annotated Outline/Bibliography

Outline and Annotated Bibliography Name Institution Course and Code Professor Date Outline and Annotated Bibliography Outline I. Abstract This section will show the topic to be discussed, which is: How police bias started and its effects on the criminal justice system. Indeed, it is crucial since it lets the reader know what they will encounter in the entire research paper. II. Introduction This section will discuss general arguments about police bias and how it affects the legal system. III. Literature Review In particular, this section gives a brief history of police bias and how it affects the delivery of justice. The most significant thing about this part is that it will use various sources to discuss the topic. IV. Research Methodology The methodology section is crucial since it shows how the qualitative research method will be used to collect vital information that will facilitate the success of this research paper. V. Body This section will discuss various arguments supporting the topic shown below: A. The Problem of Police Bias in the Legal System Here, the issue of police bias will be discussed, including how it affects the criminal justice system. B. Racial Disparities Affecting the Minority Communities At this juncture, the researcher will reveal how racial disparities influence minority communities, such as Latinos and African Americans. C. Implicit and Explicit Bias Specifically, more emphasis will be on how implicit and explicit bias adversely influences criminal justice. D. How to Eliminate Police Bias in the Criminal Justice System Recommendations on how police bias can be eradicated in the legal system will be discussed in this section. All these four points are essential since they support the primary topic. VI. Conclusion A conclusion will comprise a summary of the main arguments without introducing something new. VII. References All sources used in the research will be listed here by adhering to the APA formatting style. Annotated Bibliography: History of Police Bias and How it Affects Criminal Justice System in the U.S. Du, Y. (2022). Racial bias still exists in criminal justice system? A review of recent empirical research. Touro Law Review, 37, 79-98. This article shows that implicit and explicit racial bias have significantly contributed to how different communities and individuals are treated within the U.S. legal system. Specifically, implicit bias has been found to have more detrimental impacts than explicit bias. The problem with implicit bias is that it operates with almost everyone unconsciously, meaning that no one is immune, including judges, police officers, prison staff, parole officers, and prosecutors. The most discouraging thing is that even law enforcement agents with good intentions are affected by implicit bias when making decisions. Notably, implicit bias explicitly contributes to the problem of racial disparities in the U.S. This article will be used in my study since it has brought up a crucial factor, implicit bias, and revealed how it affects the legal system. The information contained in it is reliable, accurate, and valid. Ferguson, C. J., & Smith, S. (2024). Race, class, and criminal adjudication: Is the US criminal justice system as biased as is often assumed? A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 75, 101905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2023.101905. This article negates the belief that the criminal justice system in the U.S. is systematically biased. Numerous sources have revealed that class and race are the primary factors that contribute to the bias encountered in the U.S. Others have shown that minority communities, such as Latino and Black people, receive harsher punishments and sentences than their white and wealthier counterparts. However, after conducting a meta-analytic review comprising 51 studies, the evidence gathered has depicted that there is no systemic bias in the criminal justice system. In that light, this article will be used in my study to show why systemic bias is not a significant issue in the legal system as it is perceived by many sources. Moreover, the information contained in this source is correct, valid, and reliable. Fine, A., Cross, A., & Blount-Hill, K. (2022). Understanding willingness to cooperate with police: Current perceptions of bias matter, but ...