Present Security Checks Protects the US from Hostile Immigration

Capstone Research Project: Present Security Checks Protects the US from Hostile Immigration
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Introduction
Homeland Security and Emergency Management came about as a result of the effort to prepare for emergencies and civil defense arrangements for decades. Since the end of World War II presidents and congress have debated, formulated and identified various administrative responsibilities aimed at managing emergencies. There are several issues that have been debated on and some of them include: what should be considered as limitations or boundaries of the matters that are subject to the agency, office or department charged with emergencies’ management, whether natural threats like floods and earthquakes ought to be distinguished from those resulting from human action or inaction and handled differently, in which ways state policies should be coordinated with federal policies, and how to establish responsibilities for emerging threats (Hogue & Bea, 2006). This research is aimed at demonstrating that Present Security Checks Protects the US from Hostile Immigration. This will be achieved through focusing on the following study questions; -What is hostile Immigration?-Does the use of biometrics assist in the prevention of Hostile Immigration?-D Security checkpoints assist in the prevention of Hostile Immigration?-Does the use of predator drones assist in the prevention of hostile Immigration?
From the time America experienced an attack in September 11, 2001, there has been recognition that threats and troubles could pose present and near dangers to America’s shores. This awareness has made America put in place measures aimed at maintaining a constant, vigilant and capable posture that would enable the nation to protect itself from evolving hazards and new threats. Additionally, the nation has realized that protection and vigilance are only necessary tools in executing national purpose.
America has also accepted the fact that national security as well as strategic interest is interdependent and evolving and that the nation’s effort to promote homeland security reflects similar activities. As America develops new technologies and capabilities, the adversaries continues to find ways of evading them as was evidenced by the attempted terrorist attack in December 25, 2009 on Flight 253. America has consistently applied mechanisms that enable it to stay ahead of its adversaries. The homeland security addresses both the framework for American strategic response and the threats presented. The homeland security enterprise consists of the Federal, the State, the Local, the Tribal, the Territorial, nongovernmental as well as Private sector entities as well as families, individuals, and community at large who share a collective interest in the security and safety of America and its population. The department of Homeland Security is one among many components of American enterprises (AI, 2012; USDHS, 2010).
Homeland security is charged with the tasks involving securing American borders and managing immigration systems. The department possesses incomparable capabilities and hence responsibilities. The department also gets involved in other areas such as emergency management and critical infrastructure protection where it plays the role of stewardship and leadership on behalf of the departments who possess the capabilities of executing the tasks. When it comes to other areas such as defense, diplomacy and counterterrorism, other Federal agencies and departments play vital roles and responsibilities including Departments of Defense, Justice, and State, the National Counterterrorism Center and Federal Bureau of Investigation (USDHS, 2010).
Hostile Immigration
Studies conducted in the recent times indicate that immigration-related attitudes are shaped by concerns about American nation as a whole. Some of these concerns are symbolic or cultural threats and perceived economic threats. There are various factors influencing hostile attitude towards immigrants (Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014). For instance, economic advances to the immigration’s political economy tend to center on the impacts of immigration within labor market competition model. However, concerns about natives’ welfare system may be an additional factor that may fuel hostility towards immigration as long as immigrants are considered as competitors for the available resources. Hostility towards immigration can also be founded on cultural factors that are unrelated to any economic consideration (Dustmann & Preston, 2004).
The pioneering article by Scheve and Slaughter (2001) linked immigration attitudes with a formal economic model symbolizing immigration’s distributional impact. The explanation is founded on factor proportion (FP) model which is a theoretical model that assumes perfect substitutability between immigrants and natives and delivers the distributional effects of immigration in unwelcoming terms. The FP model supposes that an influx of immigrants with low skills will eventually swell the supply of low-skilled labor, which in turn will lower wages and to some extent employment for the natives with low-skills and at the same time raise wages for the highly skilled natives. In contrast, it is envisioned that an in influx of immigrants with high skills results in making low-skilled labor comparatively scarce. Such an assumption is real more so due to the fact that the number of American natives have raised and the rate of unemployment has gone up (Citrin Sides, 2007). Scheve and Slaughter have therefore argued that immigration attitudes can partly be attributed to material self-interest. The American natives believe that the effect of immigration on their earnings is dependent on their skills and also on the skills of the immigrants. The 1992, 1994 as well as 1996 results of ANES (American National Election Study) indicated that low-skilled workers (estimated by level of wages and years of education) were more likely to be in opposition to immigration (Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014). These findings are consistent with Factor Proportion model based on the assumption that American respondents had low-skilled immigrants in their mind when they responded to the survey questionnaire about preferred immigration levels (Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014).
A similar article by Mayda (2006) applied the Factor Proportion model of attitude construction cross-nationally based on 1995 data obtained from ISSP (International Social Survey Programme). The findings were that positive correlation between Native Americans’ skills and the support for immigration was highest in countries where Native Americans were more skilled as compared to the immigrants. In these countries, the natives are more likely to benefit from the salary effects of low-skilled immigration depending on the Factor Proportion model (Citrin & Sides, 2007; Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014).
Another economic concern that leads to formation of preferences towards immigration is whether immigrants fund their welfare system. According to Borjas (1999), immigrants in the US get a disproportionately huge share of the welfare funds distribution. Borjas (1997) draws focus on the possible effect of immigration on the dependency ratios as well as the subsequent effects on cost of the social and benefit security systems. He went further to argue that under progressive taxation, the entailed tax burden eventually bears heavily on well to do households and this provides a likely reason for much concern among the highly paid. It is obvious that economic above described economic theories have opposing implications. On one hand, the labor market hypothesis presupposes that xenophobia is likely to occur among the economically disadvantaged, the interpretation of the use-of-services envision immigration resentment coming from the affluent population. In contrast, if the welfare expense budget was to be fixed, then the low waged would suffer even more (MRN, 2013).
Actually, there is hard evidence that public opinion is shaped by the perception that a bigger number of immig...