Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Lead Dust and Fumes from Inorganic Compounds

Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Lead Dust and Fumes from Inorganic Compounds
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Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Lead Dust and Fumes from Inorganic Compounds
Lead is the fifth most commonly used metal in the world ADDIN Mendeley Citation{426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "National Institutes of Health", "given" : "" }, { "family" : "US Department of Health and Human Services", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "title" : "Lead Compounds", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(National Institutes of Health \u0026#38; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (National Institutes of Health & US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). It can be found in the Earth`s crust but it does not occur in its elemental state. It is typically found in ores or it may combine with other elements to form lead compounds. Unlike steel, metallic lead is resistant to corrosion ADDIN Mendeley Citation{0bce6178-aa3b-4226-85c7-e91d64ce7d8c} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "publisher" : "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "publisher-place" : "Atlanta", "title" : "Toxicological Profile for Lead", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=0bce6178-aa3b-4226-85c7-e91d64ce7d8c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007). It can be molded and shaped easily. When combined with other metals, lead can be used in a number of applications. At present, the most common use for lead is in storage batteries of cars and other vehicles. Lead alloys are also found in pipes, cable covers, sheets, and ammunition. Meanwhile, lead compounds may be used in paints, dyes, ceramic glazes, children`s toys, ammunition, etc.
Organic lead compounds may decompose when exposed to UV radiation (for atleast 1 hour for every 254 nm) and sunlight ADDIN Mendeley Citation{426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "National Institutes of Health", "given" : "" }, { "family" : "US Department of Health and Human Services", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "title" : "Lead Compounds", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(National Institutes of Health \u0026#38; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (National Institutes of Health & US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Moreover, organic lead compounds can be metabolized in the liver ADDIN Mendeley Citation{9cfb508a-2184-4327-a101-fecbc9245c50} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "World Health Organization", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2008" ] ] }, "title" : "Children's Health and the Environment", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=9cfb508a-2184-4327-a101-fecbc9245c50" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(World Health Organization, 2008)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (World Health Organization, 2008). Meanwhile, inorganic lead compounds such as tetramethyl lead and have no biotransformation. They are also insoluble in water (except when acidic) and will require extreme heat or cold to dissolve.
Occurrence of Lead
Lead may be released in the air through natural occurrences such as forest fires and volcanic eruption but recent research shows that much of the lead found in the environment today has anthropogenic sources ADDIN Mendeley Citation{0bce6178-aa3b-4226-85c7-e91d64ce7d8c};{426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c};{07dc92e4-f076-41f1-9529-f0805f03082b} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "publisher" : "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "publisher-place" : "Atlanta", "title" : "Toxicological Profile for Lead", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=0bce6178-aa3b-4226-85c7-e91d64ce7d8c" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "National Institutes of Health", "given" : "" }, { "family" : "US Department of Health and Human Services", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "title" : "Lead Compounds", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=426cca72-904e-4842-bed7-3310d7dfdf0c" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "given" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2006" ] ] }, "title" : "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=07dc92e4-f076-41f1-9529-f0805f03082b" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006; National Institutes of Health \u0026#38; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006; National Institutes of Health & US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). It can be released in the air by motor vehicles using leaded gasoline, or through the manufacture of goods and the burning of medical wastes. Finer particles may be transported through wind or precipitation. Lead in the atmosphere can also be deposited in the soil or be transferred through water. Areas with low pH can dissolve substantial amounts of leads found in pipes, solders and fixtures.
Toxicokinetics of Lead
Lead may enter the body in several ways. People living in an old neighborhood where buildings are have old paint are exposed to greater levels of lead in the dust and soil. Moreover, areas near orchards, stained glass factories or waste sites are exposed to lead and l...