The Muscular System 2

The Muscular System: Shoulder and Knee Anatomy
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Anatomy of the Shoulder
The major bone structures of the shoulder are the scapula (shoulder blade) and the humerus. The head of the humerus is covered by the articular cartilage. The scapula runs around the shoulder joint at the back to form the acromion roof, and at the front of the shoulder joint to form the coracoids process. The extreme ends of the humerus and scapula join to form a flexible ball-and-socket joint called the glenohumeral cavity, which holds the muscles and structures around the shoulder in place. The joint is strengthened by the labrum, a fibrous cartilage that surrounds it. This connection between the glenohumeral cavity and the labrum gives the shoulder its stability.
Anatomy of the Knee
The knee is a hinge joint connecting the lower and upper bones of the leg. It’s made up of ligaments, muscles and tendons, and the meeting point of four major bones: the tibia, femur, fibula, and patella (kneecap). The femur is the upper bone while the tibia is the lower bone. The two are the true bones of the bone, since their meeting point forms the hinge joint of the knee. The fibula, in the lower part of the leg, is not affected by the action of the hinge joint. The patella forms the center of the knee.
Commonly Damaged Internal Structures
The Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the commonly damaged muscles of the knee through tear. The injury is caused by overstretching of the muscles, and is common among athletes. However, most injuries are associated with the hamstring muscles.

Such injuries involve pulling/straining is another common injury suffered by athletes, and it results from the pulling of connective tissues found at the back of the knee and thigh that connect the knee muscles. Other injuries caused by overstretching of the muscles include torn ligament and meniscus. Knee cap fracture may also occur due to knock/accidents or contact during training.
Common Therapies
The common treatment therapies for knee muscle injuries include exercising, surgery, an...