Medicine Application: Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
Application: Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
Advanced practice nurses often treat patients with vein and artery disorders such as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). While the symptoms of both disorders are noticeable, these symptoms are sometimes mistaken for signs of other conditions, making the disorders difficult to diagnose. Nurses must examine all symptoms and rule out other potential disorders before diagnosing and prescribing treatment for patients. In this Assignment, you explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of CVI and DVT.
To prepare:
Review the section “Diseases of the Veins” (pp. 585–587) in Chapter 23 of the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis. Consider the similarities and differences between these disorders.
Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of CVI and DVT. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.
Review the “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct two mind maps—one for chronic venous insufficiency and one for venous thrombosis. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of both chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis.
To complete:
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
Compare the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis. Describe how venous thrombosis is different from arterial thrombosis.
Explain how the patient factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of CVI and DVT. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.
Construct two mind maps—one for chronic venous insufficiency and one for deep venous thrombosis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.
Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 22, “Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems”
This chapter examines the circulatory system, heart, systemic circulation, and lymphatic system to establish a foundation for normal cardiovascular function. It focuses on the structure and function of various parts of the circulatory system to illustrate normal blood flow.
Chapter 23, “Alterations of Cardiovascular Function”
This chapter presents the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. It focuses on diseases of the veins and arteries, disorders of the heart wall, heart disease, and shock.
Chapter 24, “Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children”
This chapter examines cardiovascular disorders that affect children. It distinguishes congenital heart disease from acquired cardiovascular disorders.
McPhee, S. J., & Hammer, G. D. (2010). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Chapter 11, “Cardiovascular Disorders: Vascular Disease”
This chapter begins with an overview of the vascular component of the cardiovascular system and how the cardiovascular system is normally regulated. It then describes three common vascular disorders: atherosclerosis, hypertension, and shock.
Media
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012a). Alterations of cardiovascular functions PPT lecture. Baltimore, MD: Author.
This media presentation outlines common alterations of cardiovascular function, including disorders of the veins and arteries.
Optional Resources
American Heart Association. (2012). Retrieved from http://www(dot)heart(dot)org/HEARTORG/
Million Hearts. (2012). Retrieved from http://millionhearts(dot)hhs(dot)gov/index.html
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www(dot)nhlbi(dot)nih(dot)gov/
Formative Evaluation Criteria for Applications and Formal Papers
Categories and Criteria Points
QUALITY OF WORK SUBMITTED - 35 Possible Points
1. The extent to which work meets the assigned criteria and work reflects graduate level critical and analytic thinking (0-30 Points)
Assignment exceeds expectations. All topics are addressed with a minimum of 75% containing exceptional breadth and depth about each of the assignment topics. 25-30
Assignment meets expectations. All topics are addressed with a minimum of 50% containing good breadth and depth about each of the assignment topics. 20-24
Assignment meets most of the expectations. One required topic is either not addressed or inadequately addressed. 16-19
Assignment superficially meets some of the expectations. Two or more required topics are either not addressed or inadequately addressed.
0-15
2. Purpose of the paper is clear (0-5 Points)
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement is provided which delineates all required criteria. 5
Purpose of the assignment is stated, yet is brief and not descriptive. 4
Purpose of the assignment is vague. 1-3
No purpose statement was provided. 0
ASSIMILATION AND SYNTHESIS OF IDEAS - 50 Possible Points
The extent to which the work reflects the student’s ability to-
1. Understand and interpret the assignment’s key concepts (0-10 Points)
Demonstrates the ability to critically appraise and intellectually explore key concepts. 9-10
Demonstrates a clear understanding of key concepts. 8
Shows some degree of understanding of key concepts. 5-7
Shows a lack of understanding of key concepts, deviates from topics. 0-4
2. Apply and integrate material in course resources (i.e. video, required readings, and textbook) and credible outside resources (0-20 Points)
Demonstrates and applies exceptional support of major points and integrates 2 or more credible outside sources, in addition to 3-4 course resources to support point of view. 15-20
Integrates specific information from 1 credible outside resource and 3 to 4 course resources to support major points and point of view. 10-14
Minimally includes and integrates specific information from 2-3 resources to support major points and point of view. 3-9
Includes and integrates specific information from 0 to 1 resource to support major points and point of view. 0-2
3. Synthesize (combines various components or different ideas into a new whole) material in course resources (i.e. video, required readings, and textbook) by comparing different points of view and highlighting similarities, differences, and connections. (0-20 Points)
Synthesizes and justifies (defends, explains, validates, confirms) information gleaned from sources to support major points presented. Applies meaning to the field of advanced nursing practice. 18-20
Summarizes information gleaned from sources to support major points, but does not synthesize. 16-17
Identifies but does not interpret or apply concepts, and/or strategies correctly; ideas unclear and/or underdeveloped. 14-15
Rarely or does not interpret, apply, and synthesize concepts, and/or strategies. 0-13
WRITTEN EXPRESSION AND FORMATTING - 15 Possible Points
1. Paragraph and Sentence Structure: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are clearly structured and carefully focused--neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. (0-5 Points)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards. 5
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards 80% of the time. 4
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards 70% of the time. 3
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards < 70% of the time. 0-2
2. English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation (0-5 Points)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 5
Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 4
Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. 0-2
3. The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list (0-5 Points)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. 5
Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors. 4
Contains several (3-4) APA format errors. 3
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. 0-2
Total Points for Assignment:
Please copy and paste this rubric table at the end of all Application Assignments in order for your assignment to be graded.
Application: Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
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Application: Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a condition where the veins cannot pump sufficient blood to the heart. Its cause is a superficial venous reflux and it is a treatable condition. This condition mostly affects the legs as this is due to requirement of venous valves to provide blood from lower extremities. As this is mostly treatable, it can lead to a severe condition. Its severe form demonstrates as chronic wounds of the legs CITATION Ame12 \l 1033 (American Heart Association, 2012). These wounds are due to poor skin perfusion due to a series of pathologic events caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT damages valves and makes them incompetent, as years pass. There is failure of calf muscle pumps to enable venous returns and blood pressure increases when a person tries to stand. There are no mechanisms to prevent transmission of venous hypertension to the upper pats of the body.
Normal diagnosis of the CVI can range from the deep developed disease to the mild grade. While DVT is a clot in the deep vein of the leg, CVI is superficial on the veins. DVT can cause clot pieces to break and go back into the lungs. The veins in CVI have valves that do not function and blood flows backwards. This causes the leg to be painful or swell.
Venous thrombosis is primarily the capacity of blood to coagulate caused by thrombin as it flows to the lower extremities of the body. Arterial thrombosis occurs due to weak or inflamed walls of the artery vessels CITATION Lau2a \l 1033 (Laureate Education, 2012a). Venous thrombosis occurs due to disorder in the genetic factors or acquired through surgery, cancer, and long periods of bed rest, oral contraception and plaster casts. Genetic factors either include through the impairment of the potential coagulant factor of blood or enhanced procoagulant factor. On the other hand, arterial thrombosis can be acquired or lifestyle choices. Lifestyle choices are due to smoking, high blood pressure, or unfavorable lipid factor CITATION SEH12 \l 1033 (McCance, 2012). Genetic factors are those dealing with lipid metabolism.
Damaged veins or vein blockage causes CVI. Deep venous thrombosis might enhance the weak veins of clotting in the veins. The major cause of blood clotting or thrombosis is due to genetic factors. Genetic factors that are the major cause of lack of the anticoagulant in blood. These genetic factors include; lack of valve of the veins since birth, a history of deep vein thrombosis that has damaged the veins, or weak vein walls CITATION SJM10 \l 1033 (Hammer, 2010).
Diagnosing the problem takes into consideration, the risk factors. In the case of genetic disorders, diagnosis and treatments are different from other factors. These risk factors include; family history, an age of more than 30, multiple pregnancies, female gender, prolonged standing or heavy lifting. Genetic factors are hardtop treat if not diagnosed o time. Therefore, patients need to take genetic screening. This is available to those vulnerable to gene abnormalities.
Blood tests also determine the level of clotting of blood in a patient. These tests look out for protein C resistance and factor V Leiden alteration. Other tests test on specific gene mutations and they can detect slight variations in the genetic make-up of a person. These tests also identify individuals and families that are at a higher risk of CVI or DVT CITATION Nat12 \l 1033 (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2012).
CVI and DVT affect about 8%of the population. The extreme form of CVI ranges from 0.3% to 1%. Treatments assist the wound to recur.
Mind maps for chronic venous infection are as below.
CVI
2476506986EpidemiologyIn the US affects 2%-5% of the population.40 % of patients of admitted to hospitals having...