What are Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and Type 2 and Glyburide?

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1 Explain the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2.
Diabetes mellitus is a polygenetic disease that can be classified into types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes is principally secondary to the pancreatic beta cells’ autoimmune-mediated damages, resulting in the lack of insulin production. It is associated with problems in lipid metabolism, increased oxidative stress secondary to hyperglycemia, dysfunction in the endothelial cells, and programmed cell death (Ndisang et al., 2017). Its risk factors include genetic predisposition, especially in twins, enteroviral infections, decreased vitamin D intake, early exposure to foods with gluten, and toxic doses of nitrosamine compounds (Skyler et al., 2017). Usually, this presents in children or teens who are not sick and with healthy body weight. However, it can also present in adulthood. These patients are treated with intramuscular insulin injection as their maintenance medication (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).
Conversely, type 2 diabetes is secondary to the resistance against insulin in the peripheral circulation combined with dysfunction in insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells. Several factors, including lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum-induced stress, cause the beta cells to gradually but steadily die and lose their function (Ndisang et al., 2017). Typically, the body can regulate insulin secretion in response to heightening glucose levels. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes, there is no sufficient release of insulin to surpass insulin resistance. As a result, there is an impaired insulin secretion during the first-phase response to glucose stimulation, leading to hyperglycemia. Then, the body tries to reduce the glucose levels by secreting more insulin, but the peripheral resistance leads to the loss of glucose-lowering effect (Skyler et al., 2017; Ndisang et al., 2017).
Consequently, the chronicity of hyperglycemia leads to the deterioration of the pancreatic beta cells. Its risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia, visceral adiposity, sedentary lifestyle, and reduced and increased sleeping hours (Skyler et al., 2017; Ndisang et al., 2017). It is usually diagnosed during adulthood in patients who are overweight or obese. However, this can also present during childhood or adolescence. During the early stages of the disease, exercise and proper diet may increase insulin sensitivity, which helps them improve blood glucose control. However, if this does not work, they are prescribed oral pills or insulin (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).
2 How does glyburide help decrease blood sugar levels?
Glyburide is classified under sulfonylureas. It enhances insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells. Remarkably, the drug attaches to the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) on the beta cells. These cells contain potassium adenosine triphosphate-dependent channels. The drug functions to block these channels to allow insulin to be discharged after depolarization. On some occasions, glyburide attaches to sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) in the cardiac cells and endot...