Approach to care of cancer
Details: Write a paper (1,375 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In addition, include the following in your paper: 1.Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer. 2.Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects. 3.Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin, this assignment uses turnitin therefore plagerized paper will not be allowed. SPELLING ERRORS are AUTOMATIC deductable points so that is not tolerated. ALL ASPECT OF THE QUESTION SHOULD BE ADDRESSED. Please writer should follow the grading rubric for the 100% points rubric attached below 1 Unsatisfactory 0-72% 0.00% 2 Less Than Satisfactory 72-75% 75.00% 3 Satisfactory 76-79% 79.00% 4 Good 80-89% 89.00% 5 Excellent 90-100% 100.00% 80.0 %Content 30.0 %Explanation of the Diagnosis and Staging of Cancers is Provided. An explanation of the diagnosis and staging of cancers is not provided. An explanation of the diagnosis and staging of cancers is provided but is missing relevant information. An explanation of the diagnosis and staging of cancers is provided that meets the assignment criteria. An explanation of the diagnosis and staging of cancers is provided that is offered in a detailed manner. An explanation of the diagnosis and staging of cancers is provided that is offered in a detailed manner, while demonstrating higher level or critical thinking. 20.0 %At Least Three Complications of Cancer are Identified With Comprehensive Discussion of Available Treatments. Less than three complications of cancer are identified. At least three complications of cancer are identified but lacking a comprehensive discussion of available treatments. At least three complications of cancer are identified with a comprehensive discussion of available treatments. More than three complications of cancer are identified with a comprehensive discussion of available treatments. More than three complications of cancer are identified with a comprehensive discussion of available treatments, while demonstrating higher level or critical thinking. 30.0 %Provides Recommendations to Address Physiological and Psychological Side Effects of Care. Recommendations to address physiological and psychological side effects of care are lacking. Recommendations to address physiological and psychological side effects of care are missing relevant information. Recommendations to address physiological and psychological side effects of care meet the assignment criteria. Recommendations to address physiological and psychological side effects of care are offered in a detailed manner. Recommendations to address physiological and psychological side effects of care are offered in a detailed manner, while demonstrating higher level or critical thinking. 15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness 5.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear. Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. 5.0 %Paragraph Development and Transitions Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed. Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident. Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other. A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless. 5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. 5.0 %Format 2.0 %Paper Format (1- inch margins; 12-point-font; double-spaced; Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier) Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct. 3.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment) No reference page is included. No citations are used. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present. Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error. 100 %Total Weightage
Approach to care of cancer
Name
Institute
February 9th 2014.
Overview
Cancer is a condition of abnormal body cells in human body development attributed to causal factors as toxic compounds, radiations, pathogens or genetics make up of human beings. More research is ongoing to have advanced insight on exact causes of cancer, diagnosis, staging of cancer, averting cancer complications, treatment and side effects as well as methods of lessening physical and psychological effects.
The discussion that follows involves concise description of cancer diagnosis, staging, cancer complications, side effects and methods of lessening physical and psychological effects.
Diagnosis of cancer
Kleinsmith, Kerrigan, & Spangler, 2001, states that cancer diagnosis is a systematic test and examination carried out on patients to ascertain existence of cancer cells in their bodies. The first step in cancer diagnosis usually involves physical examination and verifying medical history of patients. Other screening tests are carried out involves blood count on electrolyte levels, imaging tests using X-rays, ultrasounds, CT and MRI scans.
Biopsy tests are also done through surgical removal of a small piece of tissues suspected cancerously from patient’s body. Usually biopsies are carried out through needle biopsy, surgical biopsy and endoscopy ways. Biopsy diagnosis gives definitive results concerning cancer. It provides doctors with important information on whether a tumor is present and in which form i.e. benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Through biopsy doctors are able to identify the type of cancer i.e. carcinoma or arcoma, the aggressiveness and behavior of the tumor (Kleinsmith, Kerrigan, & Spangler, 2001).
Staging of Cancer
Cancer staging refers to the process through which doctors and researchers learn and differentiate the various stages of cancer and the extent to which the disease has spread in the patient’s body (David, 1995). Doctors are able to know, the disease localization; whether localized at one point or not. Cancer at early stages is localized at one site, while in advanced stage cancer it has spread to other places.
Common cancer stages are: In situ; this is cancer stage at its early phase and has not spread to other neighboring tissues, Local; cancer is found in one organ, Regional; in this case cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or lymph nodes, Distant; at this stage cancer has spread to other organs and systems of patients body.
The process of staging cancer is an important part in the care approach of cancer, mainly because results informs the doctor as well as the patient on the extent of the disease and possible treatment. Cancer at early stages i.e. in situ and localized stage can be controlled from invading other sites. Staging of cancer therefore, provides physicians with guides on effective therapy treatment measures to use, estimates outcome (prognosis) of disease and also facilitates communication of patient’s condition to other health professionals in the care of the patient.
Complications of cancer
Macleod, 2009, argues that the onset of cancer in a human body presents vast health complications to patients. It is important at this stage patients be provided with psychological counseling as an integral part in the treatment to improve patient’s quality life and chances of survival mainly because cancer complications arising from their condition and treatment therapies causes extreme emotional distress. Common cancer complications are; anxieties, nausea, vomiting, sleep disorders, fatigue, pain, depression and metastasis etc.
Common Cancer Complications: Mental and emotional complications
Anxiety and mood disorders
According to Stanton, Collins & Sworowski, 2001, most cancer patients develops increased level of emotional and mental disorders such as high depression, extreme anxiety as a result of chronic cancer illness. During treatment, patient’s bodies naturally respond to conditions arising from cancer complications and side effects. In certain cases, mood disorders may interfere with patient’s treatment and living productive life. It is also recommended that patients be provided with a support group therapy, psychotherapy and antidresssant medications to control depression and anxiety levels (David, 1995).
Nausea and vomiting
It is a common and prevalent complication for patients at advanced stage of cancer. This complication results from a number of aspects which includes; higher centre stimulation i.e. fear and anxiety may result to feelings of nausea and vomiting, radiotherapy to the head and raised intracranial pressure may lead to direct vomiting centre stimulation, chemoreceptor trigger zone stimulation through drug or vestibular nerve stimulation i.e. motion.
To manage these complications David, 1995, recommends that, adequate diagnosis of the causes be done, correct reversible causes by applying treatment therapies, manage complications arising from prolonged nausea and vomiting, drugs can be used to treat nausea and vomiting but only with specialists help and directives (Macleod, ...