Studies Matching Ethnography, Grounded Theory, Case Study, and Action Research

Qualitative Research Articles’ Analyses
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Qualitative Research Articles’ Analyses
Introduction
Research is essential to human progress. It creates new frontiers for humanity to create new forms of knowledge, solve problems, bring about new inventions, and gain a deeper understanding of the human condition and the physical world. In that sense, research is a somewhat sacred endeavor that invites great seriousness and utmost discipline. This essay explores and analyzes four studies matching four research types: ethnography, grounded theory, case study, and action research. The essay consists of four sections, marking the start of each article analysis.
Ethnography
This section analyzes Bosire et al.’s (2020) ethnographic study on South Africa’s patient-centered care services for patients living with both HIV and Diabetes in the country’s public hospitals (that is comorbid). Specifically, the study aimed to understand the perspectives of healthcare providers on patient-centered care for “patients with chronic comorbidities” (p. 535). The authors employed a dual ethnographic methodological approach in observing the study participants at work and conducting in-depth interviews. Ethnography is an approach to qualitative research that systematically studies people and settings. It involves fieldwork, in-depth observation, interviews, and the analysis of artifacts. In this case, Bosire et al. (2020) employed the observation and interview approaches. Ethnography can provide insight into how different cultures think, behave, and experience the world.
The sample population came from a Soweto tertiary public healthcare facility owing to the fact that a considerable population of the Soweto neighborhood presents with HIV-diabetes comorbidities (Bosire et al., 2020). The sample consisted of a mix of healthcare workers ranging from doctors to nurses to social workers to administrators, with the first batch sampled through the purposive sampling method and the rest sampled through the snowball method following recommendations from the first batch of participants.
The study found that healthcare providers generally supported patient-centered care and saw it as a way to improve the quality of care for their patients. However, they also had reservations about how patient-centered care would work in public hospitals. Many structural and patient barriers challenge fully realizing patient-centered care (Bosire et al., 2020). The study also found that patient-centered care had the potential to improve the quality of life for patients living with comorbidities and that it could play an essential role in reducing the burden on the healthcare system.
The study conducted by Bosire et al. (2020) is an excellent example of how ethnography can be used to gain insight into the unique ways that different cultures think, behave, and experience the world. The study used a mixed-method approach that included both purposive and snowball sampling. This reduced sampling bias from the researchers and allowed a broad spectrum of participants to be interviewed, including healthcare workers from different departments within a public hospital (Bosire et al., 2020). Moreover, using both observation and interviews allowed for a richer understanding of how healthcare workers think about and experience patient-centered care.
Grounded Theory
This section analyzes Almonte’s (2009) grounded theory study on the challenges that military nurses face in their humanitarian assistance missions and disaster relief efforts. Specifically, the researcher studied how navy nurses interacted (in terms of preparation, training, and working) with NGO – non-governmental organization – nurses aboard a navy ship (the USNS Mercy) during the humanitarian efforts that characterized Operation United Assistance (OUA). OUA refers to U.S.’s humanitarian assistance and disaster relief response that followed the catastrophic 2004 tsunami. “The objectives of this research study were: (1) to explain U.S. Navy nurses’ experiences during OUA—how they prepared, clinically performed, and worked with non-governmental organization nurses and (2) to construct a grounded theory” (Almonte, 2009, p. 480).
The researcher used a grounded theory approach to fill a research gap by pioneering the creation of a corpus of knowledge to aid military nurses in carrying out disaster response and humanitarian efforts in collaboration with other nurses. Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that seeks to generate theory from data through systematic data collection and analysis (Almonte, 2009). It is an inductive process using constant comparative data analysis to generate a theory. Grounded theory aims to generate explanations and insights specific to the data at hand.
About 25-30 nurses were on board the USNS Mercy at any time during the OUA mission. The researcher used purposeful sampling techniques to select the sample study participants (11 participants) (Almonte, 2009). The selection criteria included the willingness to participate and reliable recollection of events (from any time during their stay) during their deployment on USNS Mercy’s OUA mission.
The study produced impressive results, placing readiness as the core factor that impacted nurses’ ability to succeed in their mission. Nurses need to be ready in terms of skills and knowledge (Almonte, 2009). Most importantly, they needed a readiness of mindset to cope with the tremendous changing demands of the mission. Such skills are necessary as participants described having to endure the pain of feeling helpless in times of dire need. Dealing with pediatric deaths presented the biggest challenge for humanitarian nurses, as it is never easy and is a common experience in similar missions (Almonte,...