Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 5 Cell Division. Biomedical Sciences

Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 5 Cell Division
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Chapter 5 Cell DivisionPlease answer the below questions (the learning outcomes) from the textbook I attached the textbook. Answer and discuss each learning outcome in 2 or 3 sentences.Your answer will be like this: Chapter 1 1.1 The characteristics of life are: ........ In your answer, be sure to define new biological terms such as homeostasis.5.1 Learning Outcome The Cell Cycle Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. Distinguish between the two processes that change the number of cells in the body. Chapter 5 1.1 Cell division is a part of the cell cycle and one cell divides through binary fission or mitosis and cytokines, into two identical cells. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, results in decrease in the number of cells, mostly when removing unwanted tissues and also helps prevent cancer.
2. Describe the stages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage. Chapter 5 1.1 Interphase -carries the usual functions and gets ready to divide and most cell cycles is in this phase.
A cell doubles its organelles and it accumulates the materials needed for DNA synthesis.Growth and DNA replication into one chromatid then two sister chromosomes Cell synthesizes protein needed for cell division Mitosis –
Cell divides, if it fails, apoptosis occursthe phase also includes cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides Two identical cells
5.2 Learning Outcome Control of the Cell Cycle Upon completion of this section, you should be able to Chapter 5 2.1. Distinguish between internal and external controls of the cell cycle. Whether a cell is to be divided or not depends on two types of factors: internal and external.
Internal control is the regulators that influence response from within the cell such as the enzymes and proteins that influence movement of the cell. These internal factors include enzymes and proteins that help a cell move through the cell cycle. External regulators are physical and chemical signals, which help to regulate the cell cycle and react to stimuli from outside the cell.
2. Describe the checkpoints for the cell cycle. Chapter 5 2.2.There are three checkpoints: G₁ Stage, M Stage, G₂ Stage
G₁ Stage- Assessing the DNA integrity and damage, when DNA is damaged apostosis occurs
M Stage-This is the mitosis stage and spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis stops when the chromosomes are not properly aligned.
G₂ Stage-Assessing proper chromosome duplication, and apostosis occurs when the DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired.
3. Differentiate between the role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in regulating the cell cycle. 
Chapter 5 2. 3 Both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene control the movement of a cell through the cell cycle.
Proto-oncogenes encode proteins, which support the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis.
Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins, which end the cell cycle and pro- mote apoptosis5.3 Learning Outcome Mitosis: Maintaining the Chromosome Number Upon completion of this section, you should be able to Chapter 5 3.1 Explain the role of mitosis and how it maintains the chromosome number of a cell. Mitosis is nuclear division where chromosome number stays constant. A nucleus divides to produce daughter nuclei where the parent genome is transferred to the daughter cells and results in two identical cells. After the nucleus divides the daughter cells consist of the daughter chromosome (single chromatid) with a complete set of chromosmes as the parent cell.
2. Summarize the major events that occur during mitosis and cytokinesis. Chapter 5 3.2 Prophase- The chromosomes are long double filaments, which become shorter and thicker. The nuclear envelope is divided while the nucleoli disappear as they are dispersed in the cytoplasm in the form of ribosomes.
Prometaphase - The spindle appears, formed by bundles of microtubules; the chromosomes bind to some microtubules through a laminar protein structure located on each side of the centromer (kinetochore). At the end of the metaphase, the self-duplication of the centromere DNA occurs, and consequently its division.
Metaphase- Centromeres of duplicate chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle and kinetochore spindle fiber attached to the sister chromatids.
Anaphase-Sister chromatids part and become daughter chromes and move towards the spindle poles allowing them to receive the same chromosomes as the parent cells.
Telophase-- Daughter cells form as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear while chromosomes become indistinct chromatin. The nuclear membrane appears and the spindle disappears.
3. Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. 
Chapter 5 3.3 Plants have meristematic tissue is at the root t...