Case Study 2 – Adult Case Respiratory Observations

Case Study 2-Adult Case Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Case Study 2-Adult Case Answer # 1 * Respiratory Observations To treat chest pain, it is very important to investigate the patient medical ailment based on pathophysiology. The current case study is related to Mr. Campbell. He is 68 and suffered from the cardiac event. To give him better treatment, it is essential to understand the patient’s pathophysiology. Myocardial ischemia is the reason to cause angina pectoris. It is initiated by a disproportion between myocardial blood supplication and oxygen requirement (O’leary, 2015). Mr. Campbell has experienced chest pain because of such imbalance and this is directly associated with the coronary artery disease. Another reason for angina is the imbalance associated with molecular mechanism. For instance, BThal is related to quantitative defect while SCD is connected with qualitative errors (Kelly, 2017). BThal is known to lessen the production of the hemoglobin and SCD is known to make unusual hemoglobin. * Cardiovascular Observations Mr. Campbell has severed coronary syndrome. During the first angina attack, his heartbeat got faster and his body temperature got too low. From the last century, there were numerous initiatives has been taken to improve the cardiac health sector (Jayaram, 2019). Coronary syndrome is one of the major reason for the demise of many people, as they cannot tolerate cardiac arrest. Other factors contribute to making the condition worse of the heart patient, i.e. extra fat in the body, HDL, improper postprandial glucose absorption, and infrequent lipid quantity (Fitchett, 2016). Moreover, people who have high resistance of insulin in the body, they are at higher risk of severe ailment. * ECG Abnormalities ECG irregularities are mostly associated with patients of cardiac issues. Coronary events play a large role to make the ECG abnormal. Mr. Campbell report was not satisfactory because he already has a coronary ailment that ultimately results in the ECG abnormality. To treat the patient in an effective manner, it is needed to analyze the medical record of the patient in a detailed way (Hor, 2016). It is the responsibility of the nursing staff to demonstrate every single detail with the patient and his family. Answer # 2 * Abnormal Patterns The electrical movement of the heart is exhibited by 12-lead ECG that is quite helpful for the physician to understand the current situation of the heart of the patient. Mr. Campbell has currently faced the worst chest pain. Later on, it has been diagnosed that coronary abnormalities lead to angina (Steer, 2016). Many patients have faced very serious arrhythmias because of coronary artery disorder. For instance, AFib or arterial fibrillation is one of the major cause of abnormal heart patterns. There is a need to find the cure of the abnormal patterns in an instant manner because it can cause different complications such as blood clotting, cardiac arrest, heart tremor, and stroke. Few things are necessary to note in the abnormal patterns. For instance, heart intervals measurements are essential to understand that if this is the major reason for abnormality. The initial measurement of the heart interval is known as the P-R interval and the second measurement is known as QRS. The standard ECG takes only 10 seconds of duration to complete while the time interval of other ECG is around 2.5 seconds (Balaji, 2015). To measure the precise time and distance in the ECG, every ECG is separated in numerous small and large boxes. For the 12-lead ECG of Mr. Campbell, there is a need to place 4 electrodes, i.e. V1 should be sited on the fourth intercostal region to the right area of the sternum. V2 should be placed in the left region of the sternum (Dori, 2016). V3 should be situated in the middle of V4 and V2. The last V4 electrode should be placed at the midclavicular line. Mr. Campbell heart rate was 120 beats per minute and the respiratory rate was 30 breaths in a minute. It has been observed that he had suffered from the fast heartbeat because the usual heart rate is a maximum of 100 beats within a minute (Zipes, 2018). For that reason, the physician declared that Mr. Campbell had suffered from an abnormal heart rate. Cardiac rhythms are very important to analyze the heart health. Mr. Campbell has experienced abnormal cardiac rhythms at the time of chest pain. There are numerous reasons for abnormal rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, cardiac block, ectopy, and atrial flutter (Dhakal, 2015). To give the treatment to Mr. Campbell on time, it is essential to identify the abnormality, its reason, and cure in an instant way. A little negligence may lead to serious complications. * Anatomy of Coronary Circulation As per the case study details, Mr. Campbell is suffering from coronary artery disorder. To cure the disorder, it is mandatory to understand the anatomy of the coronary circulation. The coronary circulation is associated with the systemic circulatory process that plays a key role to supply blood and offer channel from the heart tissues. Coronary veins aids in returning the oxygenated blood into the heart chambers (Omerbasic, 2015). The supplication of the oxygenated blood is not possible without coronary artery. For that reason, a minor complication may lead to serious blockage of oxygenate blood supplication. Answer # 3 Troponin (I or T) are quite famous and specific biomarkers that are specified for the heart. In the case of Mr. Campbell, the rate of biomarkers has been increased after the heart damage for a few weeks. To identify the increased level, the only option is to take a troponin test for the confirmation. There is a need to perform multiple troponin tests within several hours right after the cardiac damage (Garg, 2017). If there is no elevation is observed in the test reports then it is confirmed that the chest pain may be because of any other reason but not angina. If the troponin level is raised in every report then it is an indication of angina. In a healthy person, there is an absence of troponin or a very negligible amount of troponin is present in the blood. Cardiac biomarkers are very useful to assess the function of the heart. The biomarkers can be utilized to analyze or predict the heart health that is quite a helpful thing to take precautionary measures timely and to avoid any severe health issues in the future (Clemens, 2019). There have been various other markers introduced but the professionals do not use them. BNP and NT-proBNP are considered quite beneficial to identify heart disease. The heart issues of Mr. Campbell can also be predicted with the help of these markers. Therefore, he will be able to get the treatment as per predicted measures. To analyze and resolve medical issues such as coronary artery disease, biochemical biomarkers are very helpful. These are not only help to save the time but it also allows the physician to understand the disease and find the cure of the disease in a limited amount of time (Wijsman, 2016). Biomarkers cannot only give instant results but they also give precise and accurate outcomes that will be helpful to take the initiative accordingly for the patient treatment. Answer # 4 Without proper management and care, it is impossible to treat the patient effectively. Especially in the case of heart disease, there is no space even for a minor mistake....