Smoking Cessation Program

Smoking Cessation Program
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Smoking Cessation Program
* Executive Summary
Tobacco use is the biggest avoidable cause of death and disease in the United States. Smoking raises the risk of several types of cancer, including lung, colorectal cancer, and liver. Smokers account for 85 percent of lung cancer cases. Furthermore, smoking raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorders (such as COPD). Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of stillbirth, miscarriage, preterm delivery, congenital abnormalities, and fetal development restriction (Fan et al., 2022). Abnormal lung function and infant death syndrome in children are among the pediatric and neonatal complications of cigarette smoking exposure.
Despite the severity of the illness and burden associated with smoking, 42.1 million individuals in the United States still smoke cigarettes. The matter makes quitting smoking one of the most essential but difficult acts a person can take to enhance their health, and most smokers attempt to quit multiple times before quitting for good. Smoking has developed to become a social norm. One of the essential primary care duties is assisting patients with smoking cessation, and the advantages of monitoring patients' smoking habits are well documented (Pistelli et al., 2020). There is significant evidence that behavioral therapies, either alone or in conjunction with medicine, increase smoking cessation outcomes. Behavioral therapies and medication are both effective and recommended, and combinations of interventions are even more so. The most successful and finest therapies are possible for the person.
* Behavior Theories
Behaviorism or Behavioral theories are concerned with how individuals learn to act in certain ways. The two popular schools of thinking that gave rise to behaviorism were operant conditioning and classical conditioning. The theory of operant conditioning narrates that conduct is modified by its consequences (i.e., punishment or rewards). Nicotine triggers a quick dopamine release, resulting in pleasurable feelings and sensations that reinforce and reward the behavior (Nahar et al., 2019). Addiction is propelled by reinforcement and pleasure.
Classical conditioning, on the other hand, refers to the process through which a person learns to associate two previously unrelated stimuli (for example, the famous experiment by Pavlov in which dogs learned to identify the sound of a bell with food). In smoking, a person may associate it with other events and experiences (such as drinking coffee or being in a stressful position). These circumstances would then induce a 'cue' and urges for their smoking behavior (Nahar et al., 2019). Behavioral theories of smoking cessation stress changing patterns and behaviors that signal a desire to smoke, substituting a more desired habit for smoking, and highlighting the long-term and immediate benefits of quitting and rewarding abstinence.
Social cognitive theory
According to social cognitive theory, people learn from one another through teaching, observation, or modeling. The theory expands on behaviorism by characterizing behavior as the product of mutual interactions between behavioral, environmental, and cognitive elements. The belief, self-efficacy, or expectation that one can successfully perform a task is a crucial component of social cognition theory. Self-efficacy is required for every behavior change, according to social cognitive theory (Johnston et al., 2019).
A social learning theory underpins cognitive behavioral therapy, which claims that people's moods, actions, and beliefs may interact and impact one another to prolong undesirable habits. Cognitive behavioral smoking cessation approaches aim to interrupt the emotional and environmental links formed with smoking. Behavioral tactics focus on the environmental signals and pleasant associations that perpetuate and reinforce smoking. In contrast, cognitive strategies focus on the emotions and cognitions that may also affect the person's tobacco usage.
Social-ecological model
The socio-ecological paradigm emphasizes the social environment and the interdependence of behavior (King et al., 2018). Creating a change-friendly environment is critical for encouraging the adoption of treatments and healthy behaviors; thus, treatments and healthy behaviors based on this paradigm are complex and multi-level by emphasizing individual, organizational, interpersonal, and public policy effects
Traditional theories (such as the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model) in tobacco control, according to supporters of the social-ecological model, focus too much on rational choice. The emphasis is also placed on the individual level, ignoring the tobacco industry's enormous ability to mold the environment and affect smoking behaviors (King et al., 2018). They underline the need for public health professionals to employ multi-sectorial interventions to reduce tobacco consumption.
Diffusion innovation theory
The spread of innovations theory has been around for over a hundred years. However, it is still a popular belief. The characteristic of the diffusion of innovations theory is that it deals with the systematic transmission of new ideas and their acceptance by people (Hilts et al., 2022). The notion of diffusion of innovations is a powerful instrument for social transformation.
The diffusion of innovations hypothesis was first applied in public health, health education, and health promotion through family planning initiatives and immunization campaigns. Its use in alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and narcotics may be viewed on two levels. The first level is the acceptance and spread of the habit of using alcohol, cigarettes, and narcotics. The second level concerns disseminating successful interventions for preventing and controlling alcohol, cigarettes, and narcotics.
However, researchers must acknowledge several limits to the spread of the innovative idea. First, public health interventions are preventative, requiring individuals to accept the new notion today to reduce the risk of a poor outcome occurring later. A smoker, for example, would need to cease smoking today to avoid developing lung cancer 20 years hence. Such a long time presents unique obstacles, as dissemination happens slower (Hilts et al., 2022). It is important to remember that the dissemination of innovations in health is a complicated process that occurs at numerous levels, across many diverse environments, and employs various techniques.
* Purpose, Objectives, and Population
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