Literature review of 10 articles Health, Medicine Research Paper

Literature Review
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Godtfredsen N, Vestbo J, Osler M, Prescott E. Risk of hospital admission for COPD following smoking cessation and reduction: a Danish population study. Thorax. 2002;57(11):967-972
Godtfredsen et al. (2002) carried out a study to evaluate the evidence for the limited benefits of quitting smoking as regards mortality and morbidity in cases of patients suffering from moderate to severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD. In the study for morbidity, the percentage of FEV1 reduction is the furthermost extensively used consequence measure, although sometimes it is insufficient to completely designate the influence of abandoning smoking on COPD. On the mortality study, Godtfredsen et al. (2002) showed that such studies are faced with challenges such as reverse casualties and ascertaining the causes of death. Data collected from Europe and the USA showed that quitting smoking led to decreased mortality as a result of COPD as compared to those who continued smoking. Godtfredsen and colleagues also mention that most of the recent studies conducted have not been of the required strength and size to effectively address this issue, and further research is needed.
Godtfredsen NS, Lam TH, Hansel TT, et al. COPD-related morbidity and mortality after smoking cessation: status of the evidence. European Respiratory Journal. 2008;32(4):844-853.
Vestbo, Godtfredsen, & Prescott (2008) presented a study that assesses the risk of admission for COPD after quitting or reducing smoking. The study conducted aimed at investigating the relationship existing between reduction and cessation on admission to the hospital for a general sample. The study contained 19,709 participants who were grouped light and heavy smokers (smoked 15 or more cigarettes a day). Their tobacco use was reduced by 50% after a fast study without quitting smoking. The results indicated 419 women and 741 men from the lot admitted to the hospitals for COPD. The lot that reduced smoking did not exhibit a significantly reduced risk of admission as compared to the continuing heavy smokers. (Vestbo, Godtfredse & Prescott, 2002) concludes that smoking cessation is therefore associated with the development of risks of COPD by approximately 40%. This makes the advantage of smoking decrease questionable.
Sundblad B-M, Larsson K, Nathell L. High rate of smoking abstinence in COPD patients: Smoking cessation by hospitalization. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2008;10(5):883-890.
Sundbald, Kjell, and Lennart (2008) analyzed the effects of the high rate of smoking cessation in patients with COPD when hospitalized. The researchers assert that there are several conducted studies that show that many initial smoking quitters who relapse after one year. The main objective of Sundbald and colleagues was to evaluate and understand the occurrences of smoking cessation after one to three years. In the study, 247 patients who had quit smoking for one year were compared with a 231 lot of patients receiving usual care for a period of two-week hospitalization. With inclusions of physical activities, therapies, and education for the following year. The results showed that 52% had quitted smoking for one year, while only 38% were smoke-free after three years. Sundbald, Kjell, and Lennart (2008) concluded that, despite high costs experienced in the follow up of the smoking cessation programs, high results could be achieved in the long run.
Treekitkarnmongkol W, Hassane M, Sinjab A, et al. Augmented Lipocalin-2 is Associated with COPD and Counteracts Lung Adenocarcinoma Development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020.
Treekitkarnmongkol et al. (2020) conducted a study on the adenocarcinogenesis of lungs with a specific focus on the effects of lipocalin two and its involvement in the development of mutated adenocarcinoma and KRAS, thereby suggesting that airways damage by COPD demonstrates a high lipocalin two microenvironments. Treekitkarnmongkol et al. (2020) experiment was based on the observation of Lcn2 elevations in the non-neoplastic airways of their test subjects that were mainly mice. Their observations were without knockout of Gprc5a, which came before the examination of lipocalin-2. The test subjects were mainly exposed to increased tumor growth Lcn2 mice, tobacco carcinogen, lung adenocarcinoma LAUD and translational into human tissue. The study concluded that loss of lipocalin-2 reduced tumor development while complete loss of Lnc2 favored tumor growth.
Trout D, Bhansali AH, Riley DD, Peyerl FW, Lee-Chiong TL, Jr. A quality improvement initiative for COPD patients: A cost analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235040.
Trout et al. (2020) carries out a cost analysis for the improvement of the initiative for patients suffering from COPD. This study was carried out in order to show the impact of quality, well implemented, and integrated, operational improved COPD programs economically. Twelve hospitals in Alabama were used for the exercise. Trout et al. (2020) developed a budget that was used to calculate and record the costs incurred in savings directly as collected in the exercise. The exercises found an annual saving of $11, 263 experienced by patients of COPD who were treated through the improved modern programs as compared to the patients who undertook traditional care methods. From the calculations carried out from the data collected, Trout et al. (2020) further projected cumulated savings amounting to $52 million for the 5-year period of modernized care of COPD patients. In other calculations, clinical incorporating of NIV amounted to $20,535 savings annually. This saving further translated to over $91 million for the 5-year period. Trout et al. (2020) concluded that the integrated management of COPD patients should, through quality improvement programs, presented more advantages and significant savings as compared to traditional methods.
Tsay JJ, Hu Y, Goldberg JD, et al. Value of metalloproteinases in predicting COPD in heavy urban smokers. Respir Res. 202...