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Topic:
What is the Global Outlook for Freshwater Resources
Research Paper Instructions:
***Please only use scholarly sources. Do not include sources unless they have a person’s name as the author or editor!
Please select a series of countries (not including the Unites States) or a region to discuss and examine.
Cite and employ 10 references, all of which must come from sources other than Internet sites. On-line journals are fine.
A majority of the paper should examine how the problem could be solved with sustainable activities, such as more efficient technologies, alternative energy, controls on population and economic growth, the restoration and protection of our ecosystems and biodiversity, or sustainable forms of agriculture, architecture/construction, or development.
Please ensure that narrative is clear, insightful, and original. Arguments areidentifiable, reasonable, and sound. Support every point with at least one example from your primary
sources, all of which are flawlessly annotated using a standard citation format. The list of sources is
excellent and contains a good amount of scholarly works. Integrate quoted material into your sentences well. Sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and citations are excellent. Do not be wordy or
redundant. The narrative and arguments show a great deal of independent insight and originality.
And of course, no plagiarism.
Research Paper Sample Content Preview:
Name
Instructor
Course
Date
What is the Global Outlook for Freshwater Resources and how can we preserve this Valuable resource in Developing Nations
Water is among the abundant resources in the world with only one percent of the total supplied is being available for human consumption. Water is essential for the survival of human beings and other creatures but water-related diseases are becoming common health threats in the developing countries. More than 20,000 people are believed to be dying every day from water-related diseases CITATION Bea02 \l 1033 (Beaumont). The earth and atmosphere is linked with water. It interacts with the solar energy determining the climate and helps in transforming, transporting both physical and chemical substances that are necessary for all lives on earth.
Over the past few decades, water issues have been the main focus in the international debates. Many organizations have highlighted the need for water reforms in the world. Agencies such as UNDP, UNICEF, UNEP, USAID, and Unesco have been coordinating and participating in the development of strategies that will be used to preserve this scarce and valuable commodity. All the efforts that have been put by the international and local organizations have highlighted that water is becoming scarce in a high rate. The reason for this is that nations fail to accept that there is a finite supply of water around the world but they accept that the increasing scarcity of water is due to the misuse of freshwater resources posing a threat to sustainable development CITATION Sta13 \l 1033 (Stauffer).
The competition among the many industries around the world for the limited sources of fresh water supply hinders development in the developing countries. With the ever increasing populations and economic growth, competition for freshwater will intensify which will result in conflicts among the users. Misuse of freshwater is widespread, farmers, industries, small and large communities; developing countries and industrialized economies are mismanaging freshwater resources. The quality of water is also deteriorating in the major water basins due to industrial wastes CITATION Ohi00 \l 1033 (Ohisson).
Water Crisis in Middle East and North Africa
Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It was noted that the region started to run out of water in the 70s and today it largely depends on water from outside the region in form of food imports. Water scarcity in the region will affect its social and economic statuses increasing the vulnerability of land to salinization and desertification which may result in political conflicts around the limited sources of water that are available. Groundwater is a problem in the region since they extract more water than it is being recharged. This puts irrigation in the region at risk and may lead to saltwater intrusion into the aquifers. The groundwater is being polluted due to weak environmental legislation which decreases its quality in the region. In the region there are no strict laws concerning solid wastes and hazardous chemicals. Since large of the region depend on irrigated agriculture, there is intensive use of fertilizers which contributes to water quality degradation through pollution. River Jordan is an example that is poor shape due to overuse on its upper and tributaries by Israel, and the Yamouk River is being overused by both Syria and Jordan CITATION Had01 \l 1033 (Haddadin).
The population growth as well as urbanization and economic development intensify the crisis of water in the region. Despite that many countries in the region are on the process of reaching the Millennium Development Goal that target on improved and equal access to water supply and sanitation, the ongoing developments necessitates increased investments to address the issue.
Table 1: Water Availability in the MENA region
Ranking
Country
Total internal renewable water resources (km3/year)
Groundwater: produced internally (km3/year)
Surface water: produced internally (km3/year)
Water resources: total renewable per capita (m3/capita year)
108
Iraq
35.20
1.20
34.00
3287
131
Iran
128.50
49.30
97.30
1955
141
Syria
7.00
4.20
4.80
1622
149
Lebanon
128.50
49.30
97.30
1261
155
Morocco
29.00
10.00
22.00
971
156
Egypt
1.80
1.30
0.50
859
162
Tunisia
4.15
1.45
3.10
482
163
Algeria
13.90
1.70
13.20
478
164
Djibouti
0.30
0.02
0.30
475
165
Oman
0.99
0.96
0.93
388
167
Israel
0.75
0.50
0.25
276
168
Yemen
4.10
1.50
4.00
223
169
Bahrain
0.004
0.00
0.004
181
170
Jordan
0.68
0.50
0.40
179
172
Malta
0.05
0.05
0.00
129
173
Saudi Arabia
2.40
2.20
2.20
118
174
Libya
0.60
0.50
0.20
113
176
Qatar
0.05
0.05
0.001
94
178
United Arab Emirates
0.15
0.12
0.15
58
179
Palestine (GAZA)
0.05
0.05
0.00
...
Instructor
Course
Date
What is the Global Outlook for Freshwater Resources and how can we preserve this Valuable resource in Developing Nations
Water is among the abundant resources in the world with only one percent of the total supplied is being available for human consumption. Water is essential for the survival of human beings and other creatures but water-related diseases are becoming common health threats in the developing countries. More than 20,000 people are believed to be dying every day from water-related diseases CITATION Bea02 \l 1033 (Beaumont). The earth and atmosphere is linked with water. It interacts with the solar energy determining the climate and helps in transforming, transporting both physical and chemical substances that are necessary for all lives on earth.
Over the past few decades, water issues have been the main focus in the international debates. Many organizations have highlighted the need for water reforms in the world. Agencies such as UNDP, UNICEF, UNEP, USAID, and Unesco have been coordinating and participating in the development of strategies that will be used to preserve this scarce and valuable commodity. All the efforts that have been put by the international and local organizations have highlighted that water is becoming scarce in a high rate. The reason for this is that nations fail to accept that there is a finite supply of water around the world but they accept that the increasing scarcity of water is due to the misuse of freshwater resources posing a threat to sustainable development CITATION Sta13 \l 1033 (Stauffer).
The competition among the many industries around the world for the limited sources of fresh water supply hinders development in the developing countries. With the ever increasing populations and economic growth, competition for freshwater will intensify which will result in conflicts among the users. Misuse of freshwater is widespread, farmers, industries, small and large communities; developing countries and industrialized economies are mismanaging freshwater resources. The quality of water is also deteriorating in the major water basins due to industrial wastes CITATION Ohi00 \l 1033 (Ohisson).
Water Crisis in Middle East and North Africa
Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It was noted that the region started to run out of water in the 70s and today it largely depends on water from outside the region in form of food imports. Water scarcity in the region will affect its social and economic statuses increasing the vulnerability of land to salinization and desertification which may result in political conflicts around the limited sources of water that are available. Groundwater is a problem in the region since they extract more water than it is being recharged. This puts irrigation in the region at risk and may lead to saltwater intrusion into the aquifers. The groundwater is being polluted due to weak environmental legislation which decreases its quality in the region. In the region there are no strict laws concerning solid wastes and hazardous chemicals. Since large of the region depend on irrigated agriculture, there is intensive use of fertilizers which contributes to water quality degradation through pollution. River Jordan is an example that is poor shape due to overuse on its upper and tributaries by Israel, and the Yamouk River is being overused by both Syria and Jordan CITATION Had01 \l 1033 (Haddadin).
The population growth as well as urbanization and economic development intensify the crisis of water in the region. Despite that many countries in the region are on the process of reaching the Millennium Development Goal that target on improved and equal access to water supply and sanitation, the ongoing developments necessitates increased investments to address the issue.
Table 1: Water Availability in the MENA region
Ranking
Country
Total internal renewable water resources (km3/year)
Groundwater: produced internally (km3/year)
Surface water: produced internally (km3/year)
Water resources: total renewable per capita (m3/capita year)
108
Iraq
35.20
1.20
34.00
3287
131
Iran
128.50
49.30
97.30
1955
141
Syria
7.00
4.20
4.80
1622
149
Lebanon
128.50
49.30
97.30
1261
155
Morocco
29.00
10.00
22.00
971
156
Egypt
1.80
1.30
0.50
859
162
Tunisia
4.15
1.45
3.10
482
163
Algeria
13.90
1.70
13.20
478
164
Djibouti
0.30
0.02
0.30
475
165
Oman
0.99
0.96
0.93
388
167
Israel
0.75
0.50
0.25
276
168
Yemen
4.10
1.50
4.00
223
169
Bahrain
0.004
0.00
0.004
181
170
Jordan
0.68
0.50
0.40
179
172
Malta
0.05
0.05
0.00
129
173
Saudi Arabia
2.40
2.20
2.20
118
174
Libya
0.60
0.50
0.20
113
176
Qatar
0.05
0.05
0.001
94
178
United Arab Emirates
0.15
0.12
0.15
58
179
Palestine (GAZA)
0.05
0.05
0.00
...
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