Understanding of Modernization Theory

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All Definitions Of The Modern Age Agree That Both Democracy And Human Rights Are Not Only Defining Characteristics But The Goal Of The Modernity In The Western Culture
Modernization theory is a constant evolutionary path taken by all societies, ranging from political, economic, and traditional cultures to post-industrial, urban, and contemporary systems. All communities have embraced a specific path of development both economically and politically that has shaped their traditions, ideologies, and movements. This research paper discusses modernity in four aspects: ideologies, trends, theories that shape and define the modern historical age, and our understanding of modernity and benefits and problems associated with women in both historical early contemporary and modern ages. On the political side of modernity, we will discuss how democracy and human rights are defining characteristics, but the goal of modernity in western culture. In this research, we will consider three fundamental theories that explain the aspect of modernization. These are; Darwin's theory of evolution, the Gramsci theory of Hegemony, and the Manifesto of the communist party. Each theory will cover one or several of the above-listed aspects of modernization.
Economic modernity refers to the vital global frontiers to economic variations touching on industrialization and agricultural revolution. It explains the series of economic changes and efforts, not assuming the efforts embraced to yield the positive economic swift both agriculture and industrialization. It further touches on the knowledge development that has been put in place to cause these noticeable economic drifts. Movements across social classes have also played a key role in economic modernization; Gramsci depicts these gradual changes as explained in his research on the "hegemony and the manifesto of the communist party." A change in socio-economic conditions does not result in political changes but only sets the requisite conditions for possible changes (Bates 352). Therefore, it is essential to consider factors such as the 'relations of force' obtaining at the political level, the political organization level, and the compatibility of the opposing forces to bring about a political transition. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the political alliances that bind together in terms of strength, political consciousness, and their preparedness for the struggle on the ideological aspects.
On the other hand, political modernity refers to when human rights are put at the forefront in the political leadership concerning consent in the life and actions of the state and civil society. According to Gramsci, politics reflects the growth trends in the structure, although such trends may not be feasible. He argues that a structural phase cannot be analyzed during its process, but it needs a thorough study after its complete development process. This is necessary to show the political agenda of the process and the social-economic effects on the subjects. According to Gramsci, the changing socio-economic conditions do not produce political change by themselves but only set the conditions in which such changes become possible. What is crucial is bringing about these changes. Marx gives precautions about economy and ideology in his concrete research whereby he explains politics as the reflection of the tendencies of the development structure. He further explains that these tendencies might not necessarily be realized because a structural phase can be concretely studied and realized only after its whole development process. From this, it can be concluded that some political acts might have been caused by an error of calculation by leaders (Marx et al. 72).
The world order has been critical for social forces to attain Hegemony from an economic point of view; world order has been encouraged by social forces through expansion in production sectors. For instance, Considering the US hegemony, cohesion emerged after World War II when a new world order was established. As a result, there were changes in the structure of the society and the organization of production, making the US gain global influence through Ford plants expansion. Moreover, this acted as a breading period for ideologies such as capitalism and communism that further propagated economic change.
Ideologies have also played another critical role in developing both economically and politically. According to the communist manifesto ideology, the development of the bourgeoisie was correlated to that of the proletariat. The proletarians can only survive upon finding work, which depends on the ability of their labor to increase capital (Gadt 178). Therefore, according to this ideology, the proletarian will eventually destroy the bourgeoisie. The development and change in technology significantly affect the survival of the proletarians. The development of machinery will render them jobless due to their vulnerability due to market fluctuation for labor. The modern development that resulted in the division of labor has also diminished work for the proletarians since they are a supplement to machines. According to Marx, the proletarian wage decreases as work becomes more repulsive, thus making gender distinction insignificant as all people seek labor. The theory explains many avenues of proletarian exploitation since other bourgeoisie, such as landlords, receive their wages.
History describes the past of the proletarian class as series of economic struggles with the bourgeoisie. It is a struggle between laborers (the middle class) and their employers who hoped to revive their living conditions. The modern bourgeoisie has a long development course, and a political advance accompanies each development stage. They are involved in production and industrialization; hence, they have increased production in every country through market exploitation. Also, they subjected countries to urbanization which has led to increased population in the urban as compared to the rural. Modern industrialization has converted the small workshops owned by the proletarian class into a factory. This has forced them to work as laborers in these factories, exploited, and paid low wages (Cahill 215). This group of workers is presented as people who lacked cohesion as they rebelled against the bourgeois that exploited them. The workers were subdivided geographically and ideologically, and whenever they united to form unions, they were still affected by their masters. The proletarians increased through unity and the development of ideologies due to accessible communication brought about by technological growth. Workers formed trade unions and labor associations, which was a milestone in the economic revolution.
The above theories have explained the period of growth among two groups, the leaders and citizens, employers and employees, etc. In the approaches, we note that a group must suppress the other to be economically and politically superior. They depict change as a period characterized by completion and suppression of the weak by the strong. However, the weak also have defense mechanisms, or we can say that nature has a way of maintaining a balance between the two parties. In political development, there must ...