Essay Available:
page:
6 pages/≈1650 words
Sources:
-1
Style:
MLA
Subject:
History
Type:
Research Paper
Language:
English (U.S.)
Document:
MS Word
Date:
Total cost:
$ 25.92
Topic:
When did the Industrial Revolution lead to an increase in the standard of living for 19th century workers, especially in regards to mortality?
Research Paper Instructions:
Use 6-8 resources in this paper. The below are some resources that can be used
This isn't an exhaustive list, but neither is it a minimum-reading list. The intro readings are probably the most important as they set the scene, but you should select readings from the other sections to round out your knowledge. Some of these are very dense readings, so feel free to wander down to the conclusions to see what they're arguing.
Intro Readings:
Kirby, P., ‘The Standard of Living Debate and the British Industrial Revolution’, Recent Findings of Research in Economic and Social History (Economic History Society), 25 (1997)
Potter, J., ‘“Optimism” and “Pessimism” in Interpreting the Industrial Revolution: An Economic Historian’s Dilemma’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 10.2 (1962), 245–61 <https://doi(dot)org/10.1080/03585522.1962.10407629>
Voth, Hans-Joachim, ‘Living Standards and the Urban Environment’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 268–94
Link: https://pdfs(dot)semanticscholar(dot)org/ef1d/ccb48b5a1a1d49893c43f1f1b92eb262202c.pdf
'Optimist' Readings:
Ashton, T. S., ‘The Standard of Life of the Workers in England. 1790-1830’, The Journal of Economic History, 9 (1949), 19–38
Hartwell, R. M., ‘The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850’, The Economic History Review, 13.3 (1961), 397–416 <https://doi(dot)org/10.2307/2599511>
Lindert, Peter H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘English Workers’ Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look’, The Economic History Review, 36.1 (1983), 1–25 <https://doi(dot)org/10.2307/2598895>
'Pessimist' Readings:
Crafts, N. F. R., ‘Some Dimensions of the “Quality of Life” during the British Industrial Revolution’, The Economic History Review, 50.4 (1997), 617–39
Feinstein, Charles H., ‘Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution’, The Journal of Economic History, 58.3 (1998), 625–58
Hobsbawm, E. J., ‘The British Standard of Living 1790-1850’, The Economic History Review, 10.1 (1957), 46–68 <https://doi(dot)org/10.2307/2600061>
———, ‘The Standard of Living during the Industrial Revolution: A Discussion’, The Economic History Review, 16.1 (1963), 119–34 <https://doi(dot)org/10.2307/2592521>
Mortality:
Huck, Paul, ‘Infant Mortality and Living Standards of English Workers During the Industrial Revolution’, The Journal of Economic History, 55.3 (1995), 528–50
Schwarz, Leonard, ‘Custom, Wages and Workload in England during Industrialization’, Past & Present, 197, 2007, 143–75
Szreter, Simon, and Graham Mooney, ‘Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities’, The Economic History Review, 51.1 (1998), 84–112 <https://doi(dot)org/10.1111/1468-0289.00084>
Voth, Hans-Joachim, ‘The Longest Years: New Estimates of Labor Input in England, 1760-1830’, The Journal of Economic History, 61.4 (2001), 1065–82
Essay Elements-
This paper should have the following at a minimum to be considered appropriately academic:
The question on the first page (or repeated in the header section)
The student's name and/or ID number
Proper pagination
Double spacing
Direct quotes from primary and/or secondary sources cited in MHRA (unless directed otherwise)
Short quotes incorporated into your paragraphs. Quotations longer than 3 lines should be in ‘block quote’: indented and single-spaced.
A bibliography of the works used in the paper - remember that ideas as well as explicit quotations should be acknowledged
A 12 point font. No weird typesets!
Grading Rubric/Criteria
Structuring
The essay contains an introduction with argument, the main body, and a conclusion that contextualizes the essay and suggests future avenues for research. Paragraphs transition correctly. The paper length is within the 10% variance allowed.
Citations
Correctly cites all materials in the appropriate style with no formatting issues. All bibliographic information is present and correctly formatted. Any front page will have all the requisite information.
Clarity/Style
All sentences are grammatically correct, and there are no misspelled words, punctuation errors, or other syntax errors. All language is appropriately sophisticated for the content and is defined correctly when required.
Argument
Answers the question directly and in an exceptional, insightful, or unique fashion, and/or presents a clearly articulated argument to the reader. Counter-arguments will be dealt with satisfactorily.
Evidence
Provides compelling evidence directly linked to answering the question/supporting the thesis. There are no gaps in reasoning, and all facts are correctly stated. Where necessary, counter-evidence is dealt with appropriately and refuted.
Sources
Draws on and directly cites a wide variety of primary and secondary sources as applicable, and consults a wide range of academic secondary materials such as journals and books if applicable to the level.
Historiography?
Is aware of the different approaches to the subject, is capable of critiquing relevant schools, and employing specific historiographical approaches to the essay.
Analysis
Analyses all primary and secondary materials in an advanced manner that goes above and beyond material presented in class.
Research Paper Sample Content Preview:
Student’s Name:
Tutor:
Class:
Date:
When Did the Industrial Revolution Lead to An Increase in The Standard of Living For 19th-Century Workers, Especially In Regard to Mortality?
Between 1760 and 1860, scientific advancement, education, and a growing assets stock changed various places, especially England. As change was recognised, the Industrial Revolution instigated a continued increase in actual income per person in England, and the effect spread to other parts of the Western world. Historians have agreed that this period was the most crucial historical event, marking a quick evolution to the contemporary world. However, they disagree fervently concerning various features of the incident. Among the differences, the primary one involves how industrialisation affected usual individuals, often the wage earners. One group, known as the pessimists (including Crafts and Hobsbawm), asserted that the living standards of ordinary individuals fell. Still, the optimists (such as Ashton and Hartwell) believed that people's living standards rose during this period. Therefore, this paper navigates through various insights from reputable sources arguing that the Industrial Revolution affected 19th century workers differently, slowly increasing their living standards and causing high infant mortality between 1760 and 1860.
The Standard of Living Debate: Setting the Stage
Optimists Perspective
Optimists or defenders argue that the Industrial Revolution raised workers' living standards in England from 1790 to 1830. They saw 19th-century England as the origin of the customer insurgency that made surplus goods accessible to normal individuals each coming year (Potter, 250). For instance, the ideological underpinning of this debate changed when optimists, such as Ashton in 1998, asserted that industrialisation predestined the distinction between the relentless poverty that had characterised most previous eras and the prosperity of contemporary industrialised countries. Thomas. S Ashton states, “I am of those who believe that all in all, conditions of labour were becoming better, at least after 1820,” demonstrating his stance on the Industrial Revolution raising living standards for normal people during the market manufacturing economies (Ashton 19). Ashton’s contribution to this debate reveals how the living standards rose by the 1810s or 1820s.
Moreover, the debate continued recently in 1983 with the works of Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson, who explored the living standards of the English wage throughout the industrialisation period. Lindert and Williamson (10) led new approximations of real wages in the country between 1755 and 1851. The estimations were founded on money wages for employees in various categories, such as the white-collar occupations and blue-collar occupations. Lindert and Williamson’s (13) analysis produced two crucial findings, which showed that real wages in England for ordinary people developed gradually between “1781 and 1819”. Later, the real wages proliferated after 1819 for all sets of employees. For every blue-collar employee, a good substitute for the working class, their index figure for actual wages increased significantly from “50 in 1819 to 100 dollars in 1851,” showcasing actual wages doubled in about 32 years (Lindert and Williamson, 14).
Pessimist Perspectives
However, pessimists challenged optimists’ insights on the idea of an increased standard of living for ordinary people during the 19th century. Economists like Charles Feinstein provided alternative insights into actual wages founded on a diverse price index. Feinstein (630) states that “the real wage during the Industrial Revolution increased more slowly” than in the optimistic perspectives explored by the Lindert-Williamsons sequence. Earnings were often high in English capitals but lower in the rural areas; the rentals increased, leading to a low quality of life. Another condemnation of Lindert-Williamson's work is that their findings were for employees who got wages (Craft, 619). Still, the results for individuals who operated at home or were entrepreneurs are unknown. Such disagreement demonstrates that Lindert-Williamson’s series lacked necessarily failing actual incomes to counterbalance raising wage income, meaning the normal individuals were no better off.
Moreover, based on the estimations by Crafts, “British income per person increased from about $400 in 1760 to $430 in 1800 to about $500 in 1830” (Crafts, 620). These wages skipped to $800 in 1860. However, falling income counterbalanced increased income for several periods before the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the estimates provided by Craft show a sluggish progress from 1760 to 1860, then a higher progress between 1830 and 1860. Such estimates of actual income de...
Get the Whole Paper!
Not exactly what you need?
Do you need a custom essay? Order right now:
👀 Other Visitors are Viewing These APA Essay Samples:
-
Examine the ways the geography of ancient Egypt influenced religion. If the geography had b...
5 pages/≈1375 words | 5 Sources | MLA | History | Research Paper |
-
NEW CPP & DEADLINE Topic: An examination of Puyi’s role over the Japanese Invasion war...
12 pages/≈3300 words | 5 Sources | MLA | History | Research Paper |
-
Critical Thinking Women in the military draft
3 pages/≈825 words | 2 Sources | MLA | History | Research Paper |