History Research Paper About Causes of South American Revolutions

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South American Revolution
The Latin American Wars of Independence are the revolutions that happened in 18th and 19th centuries in South American. These revolutions resulted in the formation of many independent nations in Latin America. The South American revolutions were influenced by the French and American Revolutions which had insightful impacts on the Spanish, British, French and Portuguese colonies (Cooper167). During Haitian revolution, Haiti which was a French slave colony was the first one to follow the USA to independence in 1791-1804 (Cooper200). In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte appeared as the French leader and set out armies to triumph over Europe, Portugal, and Spain. Napoleon`s conquer of Spain resulted in the peninsular war, which made the Spanish America doubt their fidelity to Spain and encouraged the independence movements to engage in the struggle for independence. The Spanish America region was the highest part to achieve political independence and to initiate the development of independent countries. The areas that were formed as the viceroyalties achieved the independence first, followed by Peru and Mexico which had high and also embedded institutions. Until the Spanish-American war in 1898, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and the Cuba islands remained as Spanish colonies. Moreover, the Portuguese empire moved to Brazil. Accordingly, the paper explores the causes and effects of the South American revolutions and include all countries in South America. It will incorporate the nations that ruled over South America and all significant people of the revolution on both sides. Also, it will include all battles and date of each liberation and describe how each country reacted to its new found freedom and finally, it will list the liberation of the countries chronologically.
Causes of South American Revolutions
In the late 18th century, the French and American revolutions spread an ultimate enlightenment all over the world which stimulated all revolutionaries. This enlightenment idea had an objective to reform the societies by using advanced knowledge which inspired the Latin Americas. This enlightenment showed them that it was possible to have independent countries. The Latin American Revolutions also begun due to Spanish conquering and colonization of the Latin Americas and by setting up their colonies in America. Moreover, in 1808, Napoleon attacked Spain and replaced its empire leader Charles IV with Joseph Bonaparte (Mulhall 377). As France now ruled Spain, it was an indignation for the New World Loyalists. Many people who were supporting the royalist joined the rebels and triggered them to fight for their independence.
In 1810, the South America had seen other country's revolutions as well as their results. Some of these revolutions had positive impacts; however, the South Americans wanted to put away the European rule and have a fair and independent society (Mulhall 350). Moreover, Simon Bolivar, a liberator that was pleased with the French and American Revolutions. He, however, took advantage of the issues in Spain. In 1810, he directed a revolution in Venezuela, which was free by 1821, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru (Mulhall 367). Mestizos and Creoles were not pleased with the Spanish rule. The Spanish were appointing the Spaniards in important positions, for instance, in the court of Caracas only 10 Spaniards and four Creoles were selected to serve from 1786- 1810 (Cooper187). This influenced the Creoles who felt that their rights were ignored. However, Jose de San Martin directed the army through The Andes to Chile and then freed Chile from the Spanish rule.
The South Americans produced many products that include cacao, coffee, wine, and textiles. They were therefore only permitted to trade with the Spanish who bought these goods at a low cost. However, this made the Latin Americans to sell their products to the American and British merchants illegally. Spain was later driven to loosen some commerce restriction; nonetheless, the move was very slow. The South Americans, therefore, demanded to have an independent country where they will have fair and free trading. Additionally, the Spanish forces had been crushed in the Trafalgar battle in 1805 (Cooper320). This had made them lower their ability to control the colonies, however, as Spain's power declined, the Latin Americans tried to get back their independence. Toussaint D' Ouverture and Simon Bolivar spoke for the Latin Americans and led people to rise against the Spanish rule.
South American Countries Revolutions
Argentina
After the Spanish colony conquers during the peninsular war and the resignation of King Ferdinand, the Spanish government became very weak. The local leaders were then fatigued by the Spanish trade restrictions and used this opportunity to fight for independence. During the 1810 May Revolution, the elites removed Cisneros from the government and created Primera Junta their first local council (Cooper150). General Jose de San Martin led Peru, Chile, and Bolivia to terminate the Spanish rule in Latin America. On July 9, 1816, an independence declaration was signed by San Miguel de Tucuman's assembly. In 1853, the Argentine Constitution was signed and Argentine was declared a republic. After independence, Argentina commemorates the May Revolution on May 25 annually in the holiday of Argentina as a remembrance of the First National Government and the formation of Primera Junta 9 (Cooper 170).
Bolivia
Following the May Revolution and the Venezuela and Chile independence movements, Bolivia struggle for independence started. The war of independence began with two revolutions on May 25, 1809, and July 16, 1809, that failed (Spero and Michael245). The Bolivian Revolution was led by the government juntas of Sucre, who were defeated, and their cities went back to Spanish rule The May Revolution expelled the Buenos Aires' Viceroy and developed its Junta. The struggle for independence grew into the War of the Republiquetas and guerrilla war which prevented the Junta from the reinforcing their presence. Bolivia's fight for freedom ended on December 9, 1824, in the Battle of Ayacucho, after a combined the Colombian and Peruvian armies who were led by Sucre defeated Jose de la Serna (Spero and Michael 255). However, Bolivia was declared independent on August 6, 1825 (Spero and Michael260). After liberation, Bolivian citizens nominated Andres de Santa Cruz as their president, and in May 1829, he assumed the office. Bolivia did not have solidarity after independence, and for six years the country had weak leading institutions.
Chile
The Criollos of Chile led the independence movement who fought for economic and political independence from the Spanish colony. The Chilean war for independence started on September 18, 1810. This war did not have much support from the Chileans who were separated into two groups, the independentists, and the royalists. In 1821, the Chilean war came to an end when Jose de San Martin overpowered the royalists and later in 1826; the Spanish army surrendered their leadership (Spero and Michael 321). Chiloe ...