Research

Your paper should be approximately 5 pages (not including cover page). Along with these instructions, you are provided with two source sheets which you can download in Module 15/Final Research Report. Source Sheet 1 consists of 10 tables. Some are frequency distributions for demographic variables, and some are other descriptive statistics. Source Sheet 2 consists of seven hypotheses with a contingency (crosstab) table and chi square test for each one. You are asked to pick three hypotheses for this assignment. The final paper is your written report of the results of data analysis provided on the two source sheets. (REMEMBER, you need to report on only 3 hypotheses). The paper will consist of four main sections and a cover page. Cover page (include the date and your name as it appears in Touro records). Include headings in your paper for each section below. 1. Introduction - Describe the aims of your study (the 3 hypotheses) and why you chose these three hypotheses. 2. Methods - Provide a description of the data source for the study and a description of the Perceived Stress Scale. For a copy of the Perceived Stress Scale, go to: https://www(dot)das(dot)nh(dot)gov/wellness/docs/percieved%20stress%20scale.pdf 3. Results - In narrative format, summarize all the tables in Source Sheet 1, and for each hypothesis, summarize the crosstab table and the results of the chi square test (refer to Source Sheet 2). 4. Discussion - What you learned from the results? Were the results of the study what you expected? Were there any surprises? What are some limitations of the study? What suggestions do you have for the next step in research on this topic? ypothesis 1: Older adults (>60) are more likely to have low stress than younger adults (40 or younger). Stress score_categorical * Age_categorical Crosstabulation Age_categorical lower (21-40) middle (41-60) higher (60+) Total Count 147 175 343 665Low % within Age_categorical 61.8% 67.6% 70.0% 67.4% Count 84 77 140 301Moderate % within Age_categorical 35.3% 29.7% 28.6% 30.5% Count 7 7 7 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Age_categorical 2.9% 2.7% 1.4% 2.1% Count 238 259 490 987Total % within Age_categorical 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 6.324a 4 .176 Likelihood Ratio 6.313 4 .177 Linear-by-Linear Association 5.572 1 .018 N of Valid Cases 987 Hypothesis 2: People with college degrees are more likely to have low stress than people with less education. Stress score_categorical * Education_categorical Crosstabulation Education_categorical HS or GED BA MA PhD or equivalent Total Count 182 420 42 21 665Low % within Education_categorical 57.8% 69.0% 100.0% 100.0% 67.4% Count 126 175 0 0 301Moderate % within Education_categorical 40.0% 28.7% 0.0% 0.0% 30.5% Count 7 14 0 0 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Education_categorical 2.2% 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% Count 315 609 42 21 987Total % within Education_categorical 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% hi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 45.086a 6 <.001 Likelihood Ratio 63.723 6 <.001 Linear-by-Linear Association 34.196 1 <.001 N of Valid Cases 987 Hypothesis 3: Men are more likely to have low stress than women. Stress score_categorical * Gender identity Crosstabulation Gender identity F M Total Count 364 301 665Low % within Gender identity 63.4% 72.9% 67.4% Count 196 105 301Moderate % within Gender identity 34.1% 25.4% 30.5% Count 14 7 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Gender identity 2.4% 1.7% 2.1% Count 574 413 987Total % within Gender identity 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 9.812a 2 .007 Likelihood Ratio 9.923 2 .007 N of Valid Cases 987 Hypothesis 4: Heterosexuals are more likely to have low stress than gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Stress score_categorical * Sex Status Crosstabulation Sex Status heterosexual gay/lesbian bisexual Total Count 581 63 21 665Low % within Sex Status 67.5% 69.2% 60.0% 67.4% Count 259 28 14 301Moderate % within Sex Status 30.1% 30.8% 40.0% 30.5% Count 21 0 0 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Sex Status 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% Count 861 91 35 987Total % within Sex Status 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 4.491a 4 .344 Likelihood Ratio 7.071 4 .132 Linear-by-Linear Association .000 1 .995 N of Valid Cases 987 Hypothesis 5: Whites are more likely to have low stress than Blacks/African Americans. Stress score_categorical * Race Crosstabulation Race As B/AA Other W Total Count 35 147 42 441 665Low % within Race 100.0% 53.8% 85.7% 70.0% 67.4% Count 0 126 7 168 301Moderate % within Race 0.0% 46.2% 14.3% 26.7% 30.5% Count 0 0 0 21 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Race 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.3% 2.1% Count 35 273 49 630 987Total % within Race 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 67.808a 6 <.001 Likelihood Ratio 83.231 6 <.001 N of Valid Cases 987 Hypothesis 6: Non-Hispanics are more likely to have low stress than Hispanics. Stress score_categorical * EduHispanic/Non-Hispanic Crosstabulation Hispanic/Non-Hispanic N Y Total Count 588 77 665Low % within Hispanic/Non-Hispanic 67.2% 68.8% 67.4% Count 266 35 301Moderate % within Hispanic/Non-Hispanic 30.4% 31.3% 30.5% Count 21 0 21 Stress score_categorical High % within Hispanic/Non-Hispanic 2.4% 0.0% 2.1% Count 875 112 987Total % within Hispanic/Non-Hispanic 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Columbia University Secondary Data Demographic Characteristics and Stress Score Statistics 1. Age in years Valid 987N Missing 0 Mean 56.23 Median 57.00 Mode 72 Std. Deviation 16.992 Range 58 Minimum 26 Maximum 84 2. Age_categorical Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent lower (21-40) 238 24.1 24.1 24.1 middle (41-60) 259 26.2 26.2 50.4 higher (60+) 490 49.6 49.6 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 Statistics 3. Years of education Valid 987N Missing 0 Mean 15.589 Median 16.000 Mode 16.0 Std. Deviation 1.8758 Range 8.0 Minimum 12.0 Maximum 20.0 4. Education_categorical Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent HS or GED 315 31.9 31.9 31.9 BA 609 61.7 61.7 93.6 MA 42 4.3 4.3 97.9 PhD or equivalent 21 2.1 2.1 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 Gender identity Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent F 574 58.2 58.2 58.2 M 413 41.8 41.8 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 6. Sex Status Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent heterosexual 861 87.2 87.2 87.2 gay/lesbian 91 9.2 9.2 96.5 bisexual 35 3.5 3.5 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 7. Race Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent As 35 3.5 3.5 3.5 B/AA 273 27.7 27.7 31.2 Other 49 5.0 5.0 36.2 W 630 63.8 63.8 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 8. Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent N 875 88.7 88.7 88.7 Y 112 11.3 11.3 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 9. Income in last year_categorical Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Low = <$5000 - $24,999 182 18.4 18.4 18.4 medium = $25,000 - $74,999 427 43.3 43.3 61.7 high = $75,000+ 378 38.3 38.3 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0 10. Stress score_categorical Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Low 665 67.4 67.4 67.4 Moderate 301 30.5 30.5 97.9 High 21 2.1 2.1 100.0 Valid Total 987 100.0 100.0