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The effects of aerobic exercise interventions in improving aerobic exercise capacity in post-kidney transplant: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research Paper Instructions:
The effects of aerobic exercise interventions in improving aerobic exercise capacity in post-kidney transplant: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Search terms:• Participant group: ("Kidney Transplantation"[Mesh] OR"Kidney transplant*" OR "renal transplant*" OR “post-transplant kidney” OR “post-transplant renal”)• Intervention: ("Circuit-Based Exercise"[Mesh] ORendurance OR “high-intensity interval training” OR “HIIT” OR “exercise[Mesh]” OR “aerobic exercise” OR “aerobictraining” OR “exercise intervention” OR “exercise training” OR walking OR cycling OR running)• Outcome: ("Physical Fitness"[Mesh] OR “cardiorespiratory fitness” OR "Physical Functional Performance"[Mesh] OR"Walking Speed"[Mesh] OR "Physical function" OR"physical performance" OR "physical fitness" OR “oxygen consumption” OR “oxygen uptake” OR “VO2max” OR“VO2peak” OR “submaximal exercise test” OR “functional performance” OR "6-minute walk test" OR "6 MWT" OR6MWT OR "walking test" OR "shuttle walk test" OR ISWTOR "Gait speed" OR "Timed up and go” OR TUG OR "stair climb test" OR “exercise capacity”) Total = 373 (including duplicates)• Pubmed = 119• ESBCO = 46• Web of Science = 208. 149 were duplicates and were removed, and 224 articles were screened for the title and abstracts against inclusion-exclusion criteria. Title and abstract screening was performed by a maximum of 4 novices to systematic reviews (students) per article and by 2 academics with expertise in systematic reviews (Al & Noe) Inclusion/exclusion criteria Participants: Kidney transplant performed at any age, adult human participants (>18 years), male and/or female sex• Intervention: All interventions that include aerobic exercise (supervised and/or unsupervised), duration of exercise >2 weeks) Outcome: Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment e.g. 6MWT, Chester step test, incremental shuttle walk test, time trial, peak power output ramped exercise test (CPET), VO2max, VO2 anaerobic threshold• English language only (keep note of any studies excluded due to language by adding ‘language’ as a reason• Study type: RCTs• Exclusion criteria: No observational or cohort studies, no interventions involving only physical activity counselling, no interventions that only include strength and/or balance exercise (focus should be to improve cardiorespiratory fitness) Data Extraction. Demographic• Author names, year of publication, country of publication, journal of publication, number of participants (total, intervention, control), males, females, age, key inclusion/exclusion criteria, intervention methods, control methods, primary and secondary outcomes of the study.• Outcome• Primary outcome: cardiorespiratory fitness measure – baseline, post, change, mean (SD) or mean (SEM)or median (range)• Secondary outcomes: think about what else you want to explore e.g. safety, weight change, eGFR change, BP change, blood glucose control change, inflammation change, strength change, physical function change, QoL change, blood biomarker change, adherence, attrition, sub-analyses of duration or home vs in-person. Hello, I have made an order for you. I added the information needed for it. It is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Follow the information added and a step-by-step guide for writing a systematic review and meta-analysis that is well-detailed, repeatable, and can be reproduced and replicated. I have attached the sample examples to follow. Search terms: • Participant group: ("Kidney Transplantation"[Mesh] OR "Kidney transplant*" OR "renal transplant*" OR “post-transplant kidney” OR “post-transplant renal”) • Intervention: ("Circuit-Based Exercise"[Mesh] OR endurance OR “high-intensity interval training” OR “HIIT” OR “exercise[Mesh]” OR “aerobic exercise” OR “aerobic training” OR “exercise intervention” OR “exercise training” OR walking OR cycling OR running) • Outcome: ("Physical Fitness"[Mesh] OR “cardiorespiratory fitness” OR "Physical Functional Performance"[Mesh] OR "Walking Speed"[Mesh] OR "Physical function" OR "physical performance" OR "physical fitness" OR “oxygen consumption” OR “oxygen uptake” OR “VO2max” OR “VO2peak” OR “submaximal exercise test” OR “functional performance” OR "6 minute walk test" OR "6 MWT" OR 6MWT OR "walking test" OR "shuttle walk test" OR ISWT OR "Gait speed" OR "Timed up and go” OR TUG OR "stair climb test" OR “exercise capacity”) Search result and initial screening • Total = 373 (including duplicates) • Pubmed = 119 • ESBCO = 46 • Web of Science = 208 • 149 were duplicates and were removed, • 224 articles were screened for titles and abstracts against inclusion-exclusion criteria • Title and abstract screening was performed by a minimum of 4 novices to systematic reviews (students) per article and by 2 academics with expertise in systematic reviews (Al & Noe) Inclusion/exclusion criteria Participants: Kidney transplant performed at any age, adult human participants (>18 years), male and/or female sex Intervention: All interventions that include aerobic exercise (supervised and/or unsupervised), duration of exercise >2 weeks Outcome: Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment e.g. 6MWT, Chester step test, incremental shuttle walk test, time trial, peak power output in ramped exercise test (CPET), VO2max, VO2 anaerobic threshold English language only (keep note of any studies excluded due to language by adding ‘language’ as a reason Study type: RCTs Exclusion criteria: No observational or cohort studies, no interventions involving only physical activity counselling, no interventions that only include strength and/or balance exercise (focus should be to improve cardiorespiratory fitness). The result of the meta-analyses, and risk of bias should be clear and well-detailed. Hello, I have made an order for you. I added the information needed for it. It is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Follow the information added and a step-by-step guide for writing a systematic review and meta-analysis that is well-detailed, repeatable, and can be reproduced and replicated. I have attached the sample examples to follow. Search terms: • Participant group: ("Kidney Transplantation"[Mesh] OR "Kidney transplant*" OR "renal transplant*" OR “post-transplant kidney” OR “post-transplant renal”) • Intervention: ("Circuit-Based Exercise"[Mesh] OR endurance OR “high-intensity interval training” OR “HIIT” OR “exercise[Mesh]” OR “aerobic exercise” OR “aerobic training” OR “exercise intervention” OR “exercise training” OR walking OR cycling OR running) • Outcome: ("Physical Fitness"[Mesh] OR “cardiorespiratory fitness” OR "Physical Functional Performance"[Mesh] OR "Walking Speed"[Mesh] OR "Physical function" OR "physical performance" OR "physical fitness" OR “oxygen consumption” OR “oxygen uptake” OR “VO2max” OR “VO2peak” OR “submaximal exercise test” OR “functional performance” OR "6 minute walk test" OR "6 MWT" OR 6MWT OR "walking test" OR "shuttle walk test" OR ISWT OR "Gait speed" OR "Timed up and go” OR TUG OR "stair climb test" OR “exercise capacity”) Search result and initial screening • Total = 373 (including duplicates) • Pubmed = 119 • ESBCO = 46 • Web of Science = 208 • 149 were duplicates and were removed, • 224 articles were screened for titles and abstracts against inclusion-exclusion criteria • Title and abstract screening was performed by a minimum of 4 novices to systematic reviews (students) per article and by 2 academics with expertise in systematic reviews (Al & Noe) Inclusion/exclusion criteria Participants: Kidney transplant performed at any age, adult human participants (>18 years), male and/or female sex Intervention: All interventions that include aerobic exercise (supervised and/or unsupervised), duration of exercise >2 weeks Outcome: Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment e.g. 6MWT, Chester step test, incremental shuttle walk test, time trial, peak power output in ramped exercise test (CPET), VO2max, VO2 anaerobic threshold English language only (keep note of any studies excluded due to language by adding ‘language’ as a reason Study type: RCTs Exclusion criteria: No observational or cohort studies, no interventions involving only physical activity counselling, no interventions that only include strength and/or balance exercise (focus should be to improve cardiorespiratory fitness). The result of the meta-analyses, and risk of bias should be clear and well-detailed. Do not hesitate to contact me for further information Thank you so much, I hope you are the Dr and Physical therapist, I made the other for you. Please Thorough and detailed critical appraisal of the systematic review and meta-analysis is required. Follow every detailed information and guideline I have provided and attached. I trust your pedigree. Thank you
Research Paper Sample Content Preview:
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Interventions in Improving Aerobic Exercise Capacity in Post-Kidney Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course Code and Course Name: Date: Introduction Kidney transplantation dramatically enhances the quality of life and survival chances of people with end-stage renal disease. However, a decline in the physical fitness of a person after a transplant was observed in many cases because of a long period of bed rest, immunosuppressive side effects, and other complications (Calella et al., 2019). A diminishing physical capacity affects total rehabilitation negatively and increases cardiovascular risk—the most common cause of death in this population. With regard to positive physical fitness and positive outcomes during kidney transplantation, it has been stated that aerobic exercise is a very effective intervention (De Smet & Van Craenenbroeck, 2021). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise interventions on aerobic exercise capacity in post-kidney transplant patients. Methods Search Strategy A systematic search of literature was performed in three databases: PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science. The search terms were designed in a manner that allowed their inclusion to capture studies exploring kidney transplant recipients who underwent aerobic exercise interventions. Search terms used for the participant group were "Kidney Transplantation"[Mesh], "Kidney transplant*," "renal transplant*," "post-transplant kidney," and "post-transplant renal." Search terms for the intervention were focused on circuit-based exercise: "Circuit-Based Exercise"[Mesh], "endurance," "high-intensity interval training," "aerobic exercise," "aerobic training," "exercise intervention," "exercise training," "walking," "cycling," and "running." Outcome measures were focused on concepts best represented by the following keywords: "Physical Fitness"[Mesh], "cardiorespiratory fitness," "Physical Functional Performance"[Mesh], "oxygen consumption," "VO2max," "6-minute walk test," "walking test," and "exercise capacity Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria To be included in the review, the studies had to report on adult human kidney transplant recipients 18 years of age and over, including an intervention with supervised or unsupervised aerobic exercise for a duration greater than two weeks, and have at least a measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness, most commonly indicated by VO2max, 6MWT, or CPET, as a primary outcome measure. The papers that were reviewed for this analysis included only the RCT type, and its language should be English. Excluded were those that examined respectively an observational or cohort design, the evaluation of physical activity counseling, and protocols comprising strength and balance exercises. Data Extraction Data extracted from the eligible studies included author names, publication year, year of experiment, study country, sample size, sex ratio, average participant age, intervention methods, control methods, and primary and secondary outcomes. The primary outcome was a change of cardiorespiratory fitness from baseline to post-intervention, reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) or mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). Secondary safety outcome measures were weight, estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure and glucose control, inflammation markers, strength and physical function, quality of life, blood biomarkers, adherence rates, and attrition. Risk of Bias Assessment The studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis were evaluated to ascertain bias via a very well-known rigorous methodology known as the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Several key domains that determine the quality and reliability of the various studies included have been scrutinized using the tool. The first domain called random sequence generation was used to reflect equally if, by any chance, there was real randomization in the process of allocation of the different groups. The allocation concealment was also used to determine whether there was any hint of the existence of the premade group allocation, and the participants have yet to have a glimpse as to which group they were supposed to be included in the research. Blinding of participants and personnel: This was where the participants were made aware of what group they were allocated, in relation to the treatment or otherwise. Performance bias could result, especially in intervention studies like that of exercise programs. Further, blinding of outcome assessment implies that those who complete measurements should not be swayed by group assignment knowledge, thus lowering detection bias. It also verifies the incomplete outcome data if issues on whether the subject's attrition or exclusion were reported well enough not to discount the entries that could skew the results, thereby reducing attrition bias. It also checks selective reporting to ensure that all pre-specified outcomes are reported without the dangers of reporting bias, which only brings attention to favorable results. The tool also assesses additional potential sources of bias, which will threaten the validity of the study, further: conflict of interest and outside influences. This comprehensive assessment gives a clear picture of the reliability and quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis. Results Search Results and Study Selection The systematic review commenced with a detailed search of three significant databases: Medline, Cinhal EBSCO, and Web of Science. In total, 373 articles were retrieved: 119 from Medline, 46 from Cinhal EBSCO, and 208 from a search on Web of Science. Duplicates were removed with a scrupulous search to avoid repetition. This led to the exclusion of 149 duplicate articles, leaving 224 unique studies for further consideration. The researcher conducted a critical process of establishing results while screening titles and abstracts in a systematic review that does not meet the predefined inclusion criteria established. This title and abstract screening was carried out by four novices to systematic reviews under supervision and with the help of two experts in the field. The combination of novice reviewers and experienced academics ensured a comprehensive and unbiased selection process, balancing fresh perspectives with seasoned judgment. After the above-mentioned detailed screening, fifteen studies were found to be qualified enough to be reviewed in full text. Then, in the course of the full-text review, each article ...
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