Tobacco Smoking and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Literature Review
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Abstract
Pulmonary rehabilitation is becoming a standard of caring for patients with severe lung disease. In the recent years, several institutions have supported rehabilitation of pulmonary patients and created complete statements, and guidelines based on evidence. The documentation of the scientific evidence basic clinical practice has been significant in overcoming doubt and convincing healthcare experts, medical facilities, and regulatory bodies to support programs of pulmonary rehabilitation. There is an increase of literature on pulmonary rehabilitation providing reason for including rehabilitation of pulmonary in practice guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and different forms of severe lung disease. The guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians and American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary rehabilitation updated to include guidelines with evidence review of the literature. The literatures include recommendations of the COPD programs outcome, training exercise for lower extremity, utilization of health-care, survival, and long-term advantages. It provides information on the period of rehabilitation, maintenance of post-rehabilitation plan, amount of aerobic training exercise, and trainings for pulmonary patients and patients with lung disease.
Introduction
Ever since the mid-16th century, explorers like Christopher Columbus utilized the tobacco plants to extract the highly addictive substance called nicotine. Since then the methods of delivery changed from chewing and mild pipe use to commercialized forms known as cigarettes. It was not until the 1800’s when cigarettes became mainstream in American because of the popularity among soldiers during the civil war (Cancer Council. 2013). The inhaled tobacco cause biological responses in the nerves. Acetylcholine, the natural occurring substance, triggers cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine and nicotine have chemical resemblances, which permits nicotine to cause the receptor as well. The action raises the user’s heart rate, memory, concentration, and produces a noticeably faster response time after smoking. The hormones dopamine followed by endorphins is released and this is associated with feelings of desire and recompense. During smoking of tobacco most of the nicotine is pyrolysis. In this regard, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is believed to be one of the methods that can be employed to improve the quality of life of people having health problems resulting from their tobacco smoking habits.
Overview of Tobacco Smoking
Most of the tobacco smokers start at an early age. The cause is due to peer pressure where smoking of tobacco or cigarettes is viewed to be classy, rebelliousness and taking a risk to be like the others. Adults and peers, influence smoking. Several attempts for awareness on the dangers of smoking from medical practitioners, guidance, parents and tutors have been unsuccessful. Most of the smokers are social, precipitate, risk takers and those looking for adventure. The smoker often undergoes withdrawal when trying to stop the habit. Individuals who smoke tend to belief that smoking helps to ease stress and its better than the side effects.
In most of the countries smoking identified as the Smoking, remains one of the foremost causes of inevitable sickness, debility and early death; the deaths preventable by quitting smoking. The smokers do not have the opportunity to live for more than eighty years because of the reduction in the quality of life. Risks in health occur in those that smoke heavily and those using for a longer period, although it also affect the other users. The youngsters in the habit of smoking or chewing experience health issues that are addiction to nicotine, coughing, mucus and being breathless, malfunction of the lungs and increase in asthmatic attacks.
The current treatment options available are inhaled bronchodilators and steroids. Although, studies are showing that Pulmonary Rehab is allowing individuals with mild, moderate, and even severe COPD, the ability to help decrease symptoms, improve energy, and regain a normal way of life.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease that is a progressive ailment that causes difficulty in breathing. Progressive means it gets worse over time. It causes coughing that produces phlegm, wheezing, shortness of breath, and tightness of chest. Smoking of Tobacco is a cause of COPD. People who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Those people who have long-term exposure to air pollution, chemical fumes can irritate the lungs.
A Discussion of the Ethical Considerations for Data Collection
COPD is a main cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in the U.S. There are millions of people diagnosed with COPD. COPD is a disease that develops slowly and the symptoms get worse over time. COPD makes a person have difficulties in carrying out daily activities including walking; household chores. COPD has no cure and Pulmonary Rehabilitation is a method that can ease its effect.
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is exercise programs supervised for individuals with people living with COPD. PR includes patient education, training exercises, psychosocial support with advice on diet.
Pulmonary rehabilitation is important for patients with severe lung disease by restoring their functionality and symptoms. During data collection, it is ethical to consider all the appropriate participants without discrimination on baseless grounds. An approach that is multiple discipline to patients individually through education, exercises, and psychosocial interventions, can see a reduce costs of healthcare. The services of rehabilitation are usually in a facility setting, the physician’s office can be a setup for rehabilitation with supervision. When a utility is available for the patient with pulmonary disease, supervision, documentation, coding and requirements for rehabilitative respiratory care in the facility are detailed. The main objective of pulmonary rehabilitation is reducing symptoms, improving activity and functioning of an individual.
An Explanation of How the Literature Review Is Used In Research
A search using the ProQuest, MEDLINE and Research Gate journals on the topic pulmonary rehabilitation and COPD resulted to over 1200 articles and over 500 published in the pa...