The Neurologic System:Pathophysiology and Treatment for Cluster Headache
Module 11: The Neurologic System
Introduction
Module 11 will include a review of the structure and function of the neurologic system. The major focus of this Module will include disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems and neuromuscular junction. There will be an emphasis on common disorders of neurologic function in the adult and child.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). . The complex functions of nerve tissue are to receive stimuli, transmit stimuli to nervous centers, and to initiate responses. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains the cranial and spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is separated into two distinct pathways. The afferent or ascending pathways carry sensory impulses towards CNS, and the efferent or descending pathways transmit motor impulses away from the CNS.
The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls functions that are under conscious voluntary control such as skeletal muscles and sensory neurons of the skin. The autonomic nervous system, made of mostly motor nerves, controls functions of involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. The autonomic nervous system provides almost every organ with a double set of nerves - the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The two systems generally act in opposition to each other. For example, stimulation by the sympathetic system on the heart would increase contractions, while stimulation by the parasympathetic system would decrease heart contractions. Where dual control of an organ exists, both systems operate simultaneously although one may be operating at a higher level of activity than the other. The operation is similar to the operation of a car with both the accelerator and brake pedals depressed.
Objectives
Discuss the structure and function of the nervous system.
Identify clinical manifestations of common disorders of the neurologic system.
Discuss pathophysiology of the common adult and childhood disorders in the cognitive systems, cerebral hemodynamics and motor system.
Discuss pathophysiology of the common disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems and neuromuscular junction in adults and children.
Review current treatment options for various common adult and childhood disorders of the neurologic system.
Readings
Chapter 14 ppt.
Chapter 15 ppt.
Chapter 16 ppt.
Chapter 17 ppt.
Chapter 18 ppt.
Huether et al. 2020
Review Chapter 14
There are no required readings from this chapter.
Chapter 15
Pain
Sleep Disorders
Visual Dysfunction
Auditory Dysfunction
Geriatric Considerations
Chapter 16
Alterations in arousal
Alterations in Awareness
Data-Processing Deficits
Dementia
Alzheimer Disease
Seizure Disorders
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Cerebral Edema
Hydrocephalus
Alterations in Muscle Tone
Alterations in Muscle Movement
Huntington Disease
Parkinson Disease
Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes
Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Disorders of Posture
Disorders of Gait
Disorders of Expression
Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes
Chapter 17
Traumatic Brain Injury
Spinal Cord and Vertebral Injury
Degenerative Disorders of the Spine
Herniated Intervertrebral Disk
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Headache
Migraine
Cluster headache
Tension Type
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain or Spinal Cord Abscess
Multiple Sclerosis
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Primary Brain Tumor
Primary Extracerebral Tumors
Spinal Cord Tumors
Chapter 18
Normal Growth and Development
Defects of Neural Tube closure
Craniosynostosis
Malformation of Brain Development
Encephalopathies
Bacterial Meningitis
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children
Brain Tumors
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Discussion
Module 11
Discussion 1
Bob, a 38 year old male, has been experiencing severe intermittent headaches for about 10 years. When they occur, he experiences intense burning pain on one side of his head, tearing in his eye, congestion and a runny nose. These headaches generally occur several times a day and last approximately one hour. The headaches are episodic; Bob can be headache free for several months but then experience an attack.
1. Based on the case scenario, provide a diagnosis for Bob. Provide the pathophysiology for this type of headache and discuss current treatment options.
Module 11: Discussion
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses must be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to grading rubric for online discussion.
Special Guidance on APA formatting in Discussion Posts
APA formatting is required in discussion posts with the following two exceptions (due to limitations with the text editor in LIVE): double line space and indent 1/2 inch from the left margin. Discussion posts will NOT be evaluated on those two formatting requirements. All other APA formatting guidelines should be followed. For example, in-text citations must be formatted with the appropriate information and in the correct sequence (Author, year), reference list entries must include all appropriate information following guidelines for capitalization, italics, and be in the correct sequence. Refer to the APA Publication Manual 7th ed. for each source type's specific requirements. Please let your instructor know if you have any questions.
Hello please utilize the sample writing paper to include the table with the pathophysiology, test, treatment of the disease as indicated in the sample attached.
Module 11: The Neurologic System
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Module 11: The Neurologic System
1 Based on the case scenario, provide a diagnosis for Bob. Provide the pathophysiology for this type of headache and discuss current treatment options.
Case Study:
Bob has cluster headaches, and these types of headaches are more frequent in men, especially those aged 20 and 40 years (Chisholm-Burns et al., 2019). The term “cluster” implies a headache occurs in bursts or clusters, which may occur with seasonal regularity. Cluster headache disorders are a form of severe primary headache syndromes, but they are uncommon and are one-sided (Chisholm-Burns et al., 2019).
Pathophysiology
Cluster headache is a neurovascular headache, and the cyclical appearance of cluster headache attacks may be linked to the central nervous system at certain times of day or year. When there are Cluster headache attacks, the hypothalamus tends to be more during attacks. Imaging techniques such as the MRI technique have been used to study differences in people with cluster headaches and those without. The functional and structural differences likely show that the hypothalamus is an important regulator of the timing of cluster headaches.
Similar to migraine attacks, the pain during cluster headache attacks is most likely caused by activation of the trigeminovascular system (consisting of various small pseudounipolar sensory neurons (Ruthirago, Julayanont & Kim, 2017). This is indicated by the increased concentration of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) during cluster headache attacks. In other words, there are multiple neural pathways and the activation of the trigeminovascular system and the parasympathetic system, the cranial sympathetic system, and alteration in the hypothalamus. Genetics may affect the likelihood of experiencing cluster headaches as the probability increases when there is a family history.
Treatment
The treatment for cluster headache first begins with avoiding triggers such as alcohol and gasoline fumes (Phelps, 2008). Foods associated with migraines also trigger cluster headaches (Phelps, 2008). The treatment of cluster headaches also depends on whether the headaches are chronic or episodic ((Huether et al., 2020). As there are frequent cluster headache attacks, there is immediate acute attack treatment. Painkillers are ineffective, but oxygen is effective in easing pain, and there are minimal side effects with the option.
Preventive (prophylactic) therapy and abortive (acute) therapy are recommended for patients with cluster headaches (Phelps, 2008). Abortive therapy focuses on treating the headache after they have begun and targets the symptoms in treatment. The short-term goal when treating cluster headaches is achieving rapid pain relief (Chisholm-Burns et al., 2019). Prophylactic therapy is the best option for achieving the ...
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