Kidney Disease: Etiology and Risk Factors and Pathophysiological Processes
Purpose
This project is an in-depth investigation of a health condition. It will allow for the expansion of knowledge and the ability to generalize larger concepts to a variety of health conditions.
Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
1. Explain the pathophysiologic processes of select health conditions. (PO 1)
2. Predict clinical manifestations and complications of select disease processes. (PO 1, 8)
3. Correlate lifestyle, environmental, and other influences with changes in levels of wellness. (PO 1, 7)
Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies to this assignment.
Total points possible: 100 points
Preparing the assignment
Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.
1) Select a disease process that interests you.
2) Obtain approval of the selected disease process from the course faculty.
a. Faculty will share how to submit your topic choice for approval.
3) Write a 2-3-page paper (excluding title and reference pages).
4) Include the following sections about the selected disease process (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric).
a. Introduction of disease - 10 points/10%
• One paragraph (approximately 200 words)
• Includes disease description
• Includes epidemiology of disease
b. Etiology and risk factors - 20 points/20%
• Common causes of the disease or condition
• Risk factors for the disease or condition
• Impact of age
• Prevalence based on gender,
• Influence of environment
• Genetic basis of disease
• Lifestyle influences
• All information supported by current literature
c. Pathophysiological processes - 20 points/20%
• Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.
• Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the disease.
• Relates disease processes to manifested signs and symptoms.
d. Clinical manifestations and complications - 20 points/20%
• Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the disease.
• Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition
• Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the condition.
• Identifies complications of the disease.
• Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left untreated.
e. Diagnostics - 10 points/10%
Inc
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIntroduction of Disease (10 points/10%)
Required criteria
1. One (approximately 200 words) paragraph
2. Includes disease description
3. Includes epidemiology of disease
10 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 3 requirements for section.
9 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes 2 requirements for section.
8 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes no less than 1 requirement for section.
4 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Present, yet includes no required criteria.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeEtiology and Risk Factors (20 points/20%)
Required criteria
1. Common causes of the disease or condition
2. Risk factors for the disease or condition
3. Impact of age
4. Prevalence based on gender
5. Influence of environment
6. Genetic basis of disease
7. Lifestyle influences
8. All information supported by current literature
20 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 8 requirements for section.
18 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes 7 requirements for section.
16 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 6 requirements for section.
7 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 5 or fewer requirements for section.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePathophysiological Processes (20 points/20%)
Required criteria
1. Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.
2. Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the disease.
3. Relates disease processes to manifested signs and symptoms.
20 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 3 requirements for section
18 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes 2 requirements for section.
16 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes no less than 1 requirements for section.
7 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Section present yet includes no required criteria.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeClinical Manifestations & Complications (20 points/20%)
Required criteria
1. Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the disease.
2. Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition
3. Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the condition.
4. Identifies complications of the disease.
5. Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left untreated.
20 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 4 requirements for section.
18 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes 3 requirements for section.
16 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 2 requirements for section.
7 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 1 or fewer requirements for section.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDiagnostics (10 points/10%)
Required criteria
1. Includes list of common laboratory and diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of the disease.
2. Discusses the significance of test findings in relation to the disease process.
10 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 2 requirements for section.
4 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 1 requirement for section.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIndividual Interview (10 points/10%)
Required criteria
1. What is the age of the individual being interviewed? What is the relationship of the individual to you? How long have they had the disorder?
2. What clinical manifestations of the disorder does the individual experience? How does it compare to what you discovered in your resources?
3. What complications of the disorder does the individual experience? How does this compare to what you discovered in your resources?
4. What other medical conditions/disorders has the individual been diagnosed with? Do their other medical conditions have any effect on the chosen disorder?
5. How does the disease affect the individual’s daily living/activities? (repeat hospitalizations, must take a lot of meds, any activity restrictions, a lot of appointments?)
6. How does the disease/disorder affect the individual’s outlook on life? (Feel like a burden to family, do they have good family support, feel hopeless, optimistic, good coping mechanisms?)
7. What did you learn from interviewing the individual
10 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes answers to 7 question sets.
9 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes answers to 6 question sets.
8 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes answers to 5 question sets.
4 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Includes answers to 1-4 question sets.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No question sets answered or section not present.
10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAPA Style and Organization (10 points/10%)
Required criteria
1. References are submitted with assignment.
2. Uses current APA format and is free of errors.
3. Grammar and mechanics are free of errors.
4. Paper is 2-3 pages, excluding title and reference pages
5. At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided
10 pts
Highest Level of Performance
Includes 5 requirements for section.
9 pts
High Level of Performance
Includes 4 requirements for section.
8 pts
Satisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 3 requirements for section.
4 pts
Unsatisfactory Level of Performance
Includes 1-2 requirements for section.
0 pts
Section Not Present
No requirements for this section presented.
10 pts
Total Points: 100
Kidney Disease
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Name and Number
Lecturer’s Name
Assignment Due Date
Introduction
Kidney disease is a condition in which the kidney fails to filter blood the way it should due to damage. This leads to the buildup of excess fluid and waste in the body, causing health problems like heart disease and stroke. Recent studies show that over 800 million people worldwide, or more than 10% of the global population, encounter this condition (Carney, 2020). In the United States alone, it affects approximately 37 million individuals (around 15% of the population) (National Kidney Foundation, n.d.). Due to the high prevalence of kidney disease and its associated health problems, it has been regarded as the leading cause of death in the US.
Etiology and Risk Factors
Common causes of kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. Its risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, age 60 or older, past kidney damage, and a family history of kidney failure (Healthline.com, n.d.). This condition can affect anyone, although individuals aged 60 and above are at high risk. With aging, the amount of kidney tissue lowers. Kidney functions also diminish due to decreased number of filtering units or nephrons. The prevalence of kidney disease is high in women than in men. This is because women are at high risk of developing urinary tract infections more often, leading to kidney damage (Tomlinson & Clase, 2019). Pregnancy problems like eclampsia also increase the risk of kidney damage in women.
The environment, too, has a significant influence on kidney disease. Environmental toxins like heavy metals, particulate matter, and other chemicals such as melamine, phthalates, and Bisphenol A (BPA) are critical in the etiology of kidney disease (Tsai, Wu, Huang, & Chen, 2021). Exposure to them can damage the kidney. Genetically, the increased risk of kidney disease has been linked to some genetic variations in Myosin-9 (MYH9) and Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genes (National Kidney Foundation, n.d.). Lifestyle practices like excessive alcohol intake, smoking, dietary habits, and lack of regular physical activity also increase the risk of kidney disease. These practices are associated with obesity, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, which are risk factors for kidney disease.
Pathophysiological Processes
The pathophysiological processes of kidney disease trigger the buildup of excess fluid and waste products in the body, causing swelling in limbs, nausea, weakness, and shortness of breath. At the cellular level, peritubular endothelial cells undergo apoptosis, reducing the peritubular capillary density (Gewin et al., 2017). At the tissue level, hypoxia increases, limiting oxygen delivery to cortical tissue (Gewin et al., 2017). This weakens the blood-filtering function of the kidney. As noted, kidney disease is associated with a reduced number of neurons. Glomerulus podocytes and the proximal tubules that make up the nephron adapt to this reduction by enlarging to increase the kidney’s function.
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease include abnormal urine dischar...
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