Community Outbreak of Communicable Disease

Community Outbreak of Communicable Disease:
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
Mobility of human population diseases usually spread quickly across the world if prevention initiatives are not taken. At the same time, the changes in vaccination practices across the healthcare sector have resulted in increase in the spread of infectious diseases which initially were believed to be under control. The situation has presented global health concerns among community health officials. For instance, a larger population of United States community experiences impacts of the outbreak of influenza virus thus worsening their health condition. The World Health Organization report and the information received from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicates that the influenza virus has presented a significant impact on the global population with directly affects on standards of world population health. The Arkansas city in the state of America experiences the impact of the outbreak of this virus thus placing the city in a critical health situation especially on the ill-health individuals.
Discussion
Description of Outbreak
The World Health Organization report indicates that the first influenza outbreak was experienced in 1918. The virus killed about 50 million people across the world, thus being recorded as the deadliest disease attack that attacked about one-fifth of the world population. Millions of infected people died without even critical or severe illnesses (Ahrens, 2014). The first outbreak phase of the disease started in the spring of 1918. The three-day fever appeared without health warning resulting in the death of many individuals. The second phase of the disease was severe and painful that could be identified with distinguished symptoms in a patient. The root cause of the disorder could not be identified by the healthcare practitioners, doctors, and scientists and therefore stressed the treatment procedure.
Many countries have suffered the impacts of influenza diseases with millions of patients dying without even receiving initial treatment. The outbreak was not limited to a specific country or region, but everyone across the world was at risk of getting the virus infection. In 1957, the influenza outbreak killed approximately one million people around the world, starting with China but spreading across other regions in the world (World Health Organization, 2018). Another outbreak occurred in 1968, which killed about 1.3 million people. However, the outbreak concentrated in rural regions of America, especially in the Northwest States. The disease mostly affected children and young adults as well as the aged in society. 25 percent of the United States population was affected by the virus, thus lowering the region’s life expectancy by 12 years in a single year.
The Arkansas chief medical officer alerted the citizens in the outbreak of the flu, thus initiating the healthcare providers to remain cautious over the influenza outbreak. The United States was among the countries that recorded the highest rate of the outbreak of the flu during this period, a situation that had not been experienced before. The healthcare department was responsible for providing reliable information about the disease to the citizens for proper precautions (Ameji, Sa`idu, & Abdu, 2016). Late information about the outbreak and spread of the flu challenged its control and management thus leading to an increase in several deaths associated with the virus. In 2003, re-emergence of the avian disease influenza could be passed from animal to people but failed to reach the pandemic stage as the virus could not sustainably pass from person to person. Mexico outbreak of influenza disease occurred in 2009, causing severe illness among healthy adults. The various spread to over 214 countries with greater impacts experienced in overseas territories and communities (World Health Organization, 2018).
Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors
Influenza disease exists in different outbreaks with distinct extent every season with an epidemiological pattern which indicates the changing nature of antigen properties of influenza virus. The subsequent spread of the disease is influenced by different factors such as transmissibility of the virus and population susceptibility. Influenza epidemiology includes morbidity and mortality, clinical manifestation, complication, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease. Influenza virus undergoes various periodical changes in antigenic features through their envelope glycoprotein, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase. The epidemiological triangle of disease influenza comprises of the host, environment, agent, and time. A human being is a host as he carries the virus, capable of a full-blown infection. Immune-compromised patients are at a higher risk of getting disease influenza.
Influenza viruses can undergo large genetic changes or antigenic shift or drift through genetic reassortment. Different forms of influenza A virus are a potential cause of influenza pandemic causing human illnesses as they are easily transmitted from human to human with minimal or total lack of preexisting immunity for a human being. The outbreak of the human novel influenza in 2009 resulted from antigenically distinct viruses from the virus that circulated from 1977. The HA gene from these viruses of influenza A was contemporary closer to the influenza virus circulating among pigs and had evolved from avian-origin during the outbreak and spread of the 1918 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus, entering human body and swine population before its management strategies established (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).
After the outbreak of 1918-1919 influenza virus H1N1 in United State, the virus spread very first across the world. Other outbraks followed afterward across different regions of the world, depicting difficulties in detection of the next outbreak. The 1957-1958 influenza pandemic (H2N2 Virus) outbreak emerged in East Asia (Asian flu) which was first reported in Singapore in February 1957 (Center of Disease and Control Prevention (CDC), 2019). The outbreak later occurred in Hong Kong in April and in the coastal cities of americal in summer season of the same year leading to death of over 1.1 million people across the world. In 1968, the outbreak of influenza pandemic caused by Influenza A (H3N2 Virus) was reported in United State leading to death of about 1 million people.
Root of Transmission
The spread of the flu virus across the world with minimal control rate resulted from fail countering policies as it was reported by the World Health Organization (Wrobel et al. 2016). The information gathered by the regional and country platforms and the report released by the WHO depicted the severity of the flu outbreak and the increase in the associated health challenges. The increasing rate of immigration across the would greatly contribute to the spread of the disease during the outbreak period. The pathways for the disease were very common, and anyone could be exposed to the risk of the virus contact. For instance, the spread of disease through tiny particle droplets that occurs while an infected person is talking; sneezing or coughing easily spread the virus (Dawson et al., 2017). The viruses enter the body by coming into contact with fluids from an infected person to a healthy individual.
Wet droplets come into contact with open surfaces of a healthy individual like nose, eyes, or mouth leading to transfer of the virus. Immediate infection requires special care according to the WHO and CDC professionals. People also require special education and creation of awareness regarding the disease for prevention and protection purposes. The intensity of the outbreak of the flu experienced across the world would have been controlled if the population was educated and aware of the outbreak and pre...