Advanced Levels of Clinical Inquiry and Systematic Reviews

Part 2: Advanced Levels of Clinical Inquiry and Systematic Review
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Course
Institution
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PICOT
The PICOT relates to pediatric patients where the intervention is the use of analgesia. The comparison is the use of the patient or nurse-controlled analgesia methods, and the intervention is expected to improve pain relief after surgery. The PICOT question was based on identifying the most effective pain relief interventions. The idea of administering an analgesic agent, which is common in traumatic injuries, was then considered. Then the question is linked to the need to ensure efficient pain relief among pediatric patients. Pain management, the recommended drug use drugs, including considering drug interactions mechanisms of action, correct dosage based on the patients' profile such as age and medical history.
Inquiry and Review
Pain is of great diagnostic value, so analgesics should never be administered before their exact origin is known. Analgesics mainly consist of central analgesics such as opioids and peripheral analgesics. Opioid analgesics are used mainly to treat great intensity and persistence, such as postoperative and cancer pain. Derivatives of morphine are used for this, and there are various chemical modifications made to reduce its addiction and significant side effects. Peripheral analgesics are associated with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity, such as NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
Monahan (2019) evaluate the effectiveness of regional analgesic (RA) techniques with general analgesia on postoperative pain management compared to general analgesia and systemic analgesia. The researchers reported that RA techniques reduced postoperative pain among children undergoing cardiac surgery, and there was no significant reported increase in mortality and adverse effects. However, the RA techniques are not widely used in children as clinicians are reluctant to use them than adult surgical interventions.
Most research on non-opioid agents' effectiveness on postoperative pain management has focused on the adult population, but there is an increased focus on pediatric surgical populations. In research by Zhu, Benzon & Anderson (2017) hi...