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The Role of Multinational Enterprises in Environmental Sustainability: Waste Management

Research Paper Instructions:

Submit your final paper here. It will be submitted via Turnitin to check for plagiarism. Do your own original work. Aim for about 3000 words in length, excluding tables, figures, and references. This is about 10 pages double-spaced, but you can write less or more depending on the content you need to cover and depth you want to go into. There are no strict formatting requirements. The following items will be considered for grading purposes:
1. Address the points outlined in your proposal thoroughly.
2. Conduct adequate research to inform your analysis of the international business issue. (leverage library resources)
3. Demonstrate good understanding of the international business issues discussed.
4. Provide an in-depth analysis, where you demonstrate your ability to apply international business knowledge.
5. Support your analysis with references to materials you used, including assigned articles and/or articles, reports, or other sources identified through your own research. (The sources of information and publications that you were introduced to in the weekly assignments can be very valuable in conducting your research. Of course, it also depends on your topic).
Research projects tend to be unique because your interests are unique. For this reason, during any stage before or after submitting your research proposal, you could consult individually with me about your ideas or challenges. Virtual office hours (via Zoom) or email are the best ways for me to help you. You may also consult with Steve Cramer at the library to see how the library resources can be customized to the needs of your project. I encourage you to utilize these resources to help improve the quality of your project, and learning, the most.
*BELOW IS THE COMMENTS FROM MY PROFESSOR REGARDING THE PROPOSAL OPTION. please PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO IT AND FOLLOW HIS SUGGESTION*.
The contribution of MNEs to environmental sustainability is a very important topic and one that I like very much; it is a little broad as stated and you may need to narrow down the focus; also, you mention literature review of articles and other publications, which is great, but you can also think about actual data, such as an illustrative case study, case study comparison, industry or industry comparison, country comparison, etc.; the site of the Network for Business Sustainability that you used for Assignment 3 could help you narrow down the issue you want to research; another resource is the Environmental Performance Index by Yale at https://epi(dot)yale(dot)edu/downloads, which is at the country level; for companies, one resource could be https://ethisphere(dot)com/, which you are familiar with from the undergraduate course, although the scope there is broader than just environmental issues; and another resource is the United Nations Global Compact Initiative, at https://www(dot)unglobalcompact(dot)org/. Under Participation, you can find reports for companies that are members; this may help you identify exemplary companies or compare case studies, perhaps even from different countries; if you need any help during the process, I will be happy to discuss; also keep in mind that you can consult with Steve at the library, as well
Here is the link of the assignment 3 used. and the professor mention in the comments

Research Paper Sample Content Preview:

The Role of Multinational Enterprises in Environmental Sustainability: Waste Management
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The Role of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in Environmental Sustainability: Waste Management
While globalization continues to turn the world into a global village, businesses are at the forefront in crossing regional and continental boundaries in search of new and emerging markets for their products and services. While this is happening, global warming and climate changes are have evolved into global crises. There are numerous factors that increase the threat of climate change. According to EPI (2020), “waste management presents a pressing global problem with environmental implications that are both global and highly localized” (p. 76). Therefore, MNEs are at the center of enhancing this threat because of their different activities across the world. There is a need to have proactive measures and ensure that there are proper measures to attain environmental sustainability. With proper waste management incentives, many of the threats to sustainable development can be eliminated and ensure that there is consistency in the way that the environment is managed. Waste is a threat to environmental sustainability because there are strong linkages between business operations and environmental waste accumulation. Therefore, having proper measures to manage waste is vital to address the prevailing challenges and ensure that threats are eliminated in the world. While the ties between business or industrial operations and environmental degradation go as far as ancient times (Borsos et al., 2003), after the first industrial revolution, the issue of environmental sustainability became important (Hanlon, 2020). Aside from governments and international organizations such as the UN, only businesses have the power and resources to champion environmental sustainability and establish responsible business processes and ethics that reduce harm to the environment. Therefore, the current paper examines the role of MNEs in environmental sustainability practices.
Global Consensus on Sustainability Practices
According to data from the World Meteorological Organization, the number of natural disasters increased by a factor of five in the past 50 years (WMO, 2021). Researchers and scientists trying to explain these phenomena have attributed the increase to climate change and extreme weather patterns (Hegerl et al., 2019). Apart from these findings, several other scientific findings have cited the melting glacier, changed weather patterns, and increased global temperatures as crucial evidence of climate change and global warming (Royal_Society, 2020). Due to this evidence, there is increasing pressure for sustainable practices from the household level to business and government projects. EPI (2020) cited that waste is a major contributor to environmental degradation, which also enhances the threat of global warming. It is important to draw clear measures that ensure that there are proper incentives for addressing the waste challenges within businesses. Businesses must understand the different waste generated from their activities and draw proper measures tom eliminate these threats. This will ensure that there are sufficient measures to reduce waste generation and associated emission activities that contribute to global warming. In other words, the global society is increasingly aware of the dangers of climate change, resulting in a shift in perception of business and government operations that directly impact not only the environment but also the people living in that environment. As a result, there is an emerging global consensus on how businesses should formulate, implement, and evaluate sustainable practices.
According to OECD (2019), multinational enterprises are the leading based-placed organizations to develop responsible business conduct. This is because they have crossed borders, have billions of customers depending on their products, and have the resources to ensure that their operations do not harm the environment. Essentially, business organizations have human rights responsibilities. Indeed, Lin, Gui, and Liu (2018) argue that the emergence of green governance results from the global consensus on the need for sustainability practices. As a result, policies on Direct Foreign Investments (FDI) and environmental regulations are increasingly being used to assess MNEs. The green governance context is a significant factor in the determination of MNE global location choice and in shaping the response patterns of organizations. Further, environmental capabilities enable MNEs to overcome country-specific entry barriers resulting in environmental policies and regulations. As a result of this global consensus, theories have been developed to highlight the role of MNEs in environmental sustainability. 
Role of MNEs in Environmental Sustainability – Theories and Case Studies
Modern Sustainability Theories
According to Change et al. (2017), several theories connecting the role of firms in sustainability issues have evolved in the past two decades due to the increasing global consensus on sustainability issues. These theories have tried to balance the chief role of business organizations as profit generators and the merging key role of protecting the environment in which they operate (Dragulanescu & Dragulanescu, 2013). Based on the modern sustainability theories, there is a need to draw measures and ensure that waste challenges are addressed within time. This will ensure that there is minimal environmental impact arising from the business. It is important to have comprehensive measures and address the waste threats through modern theories, such as Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Theory, Corporate Sustainability, and Green Economics. All these theories are vital in addressing environmental challenges, such as waste management. Without proper treatment and disposal of waste from businesses, there can be increased threats to public health as well as enhance emissions from the accumulated waste. This can have an overall increased impact on the greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, which enhances the severity of global emissions. There is a need to have comprehensive measures within companies based on the outlined theories to address the threat of waste and ensure that environmental sustainability is attained.
Corporate Social Responsibility 
The corporate social responsibility approach theorizes that corporations have economic, ethical, legal, and philanthropic obligations (Chang et al., 2017). The theory introduces a triple bottom to the strategic placement of MNEs where social, environmental, and economic dimensions shape the KPIs used in evaluating the success of an organization (Mehedi & Jalaludin, 2020). Thus, the theory requires business organizations to be involved in societal issues beyond the sole purpose of making profits. 
Stakeholder Theory
The stakeholder theory of corporate governance assumes that every corporate activity impacts all its identifiable stakeholders (Chang et al., 2017). In other words, leaders, managers, and decision-makers within organizations must consider the impact of their decisions on all stakeholders. Under this theory, stakeholders are divided into internal and external. External stakeholders consist of the community at large, which means that an organization's practices should not harm people. While this theory can b...
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