Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Memory Testing on Primary and Recency Effect

Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Memory Testing on Primary and Recency Effect
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Word Count: 1650 words
Abstract
The memory impacts are based on the serial position effect, which suggests that the position of items will be remembered. The information is collected from 110 respondents to take their views on immediate and delayed memory recall response, and it is concluded that immediate memory recall leads to recency effects, whereas delayed memory recall leads to primacy effects. The immediate and delayed middle memory recall significantly impacts the primacy and recency effects. The limitation of the research is that the information is collected only from 110 respondents. It could have been collected from more respondents to improve the research generalizability.
Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Memory Testing on Primary and Recency Effect
Introduction
Topic Introduction
Memory is defined as a way to understand the ability of people to store, collect, and retain information. These short-term and long-term memories are accomplished based on different biological states and mechanisms to retain information and recall from the memory. Human beings possess short-term and long-term memory (Zhang & Qian, 2018).
Literature Review
The serial position effect has impacted the memory recall for lists of words and activities. Individually, these position effects are hindered by the class information presented in the middle (Kelly & Risko, 2019). The information needs to be organized optimally for recall. Individuals believe in tactics like repeating a list repeatedly because the repetition is enough for information to strengthen the memory (Emrani et al., 2018). Recall that biases like primacy and recency impact the serial position effect. The primary effect is based on the tendency to remember the information effectively at the beginning of the series; the items, in the beginning, are stored in long-term memory effectively to tackle less processing power for brains to remember single items (Bireta et al., 2018). With the continuation of the series, the brain processes items which make it harder for people to remember. On the other hand, the recency effect emphasizes the information most recently told to individuals. The recency effects are stored in the short-term memory to hold a small amount of information at a time (Whitesmith, 2019). The information stored allowed to have quick access during the recall.
The Rationale to the Research
The primary and recency effects emphasize recalling the items better at the beginning and end of a series than in the middle. These items are hard to remember in the middle step because the information is not processed long enough in long-term memory. The serial position effect emphasizes the multi-store model, which suggests that the information is passed from the sensory to short-term memory and then to long-term memory (Zhang & Qian, 2018). The research investigates memory processes, emphasizing primary and recency effects. The sensory stimuli are based on short-term memory, which moves to the long-term memory store (Whitesmith, 2019). The researcher is interested in knowing that the primacy effect is stored in LTM, whereas the recency effect is stored in STM through the research.
Research Question and Hypotheses
"What is the relationship between immediate, middle, and beginning memory recall on short-term and long-term memory effects?"
The research hypotheses are:
H1: The primacy effect is strong when items are presented delayed.
H2: The recency effect is strong when the items are presented immediately.
H3: There is no strong information possession due to less time and resources in the middle.
Methods
Design
The immediate and delayed word recalling is taken as an independent set variable to determine the primacy (long-term) and recency (short-term) effect, which is the independent variable. The research design is experimental, where the responses are collected to determine the impact of memory recall on primacy and recency effects.
Participants
The research participants are class members to whom a list of words was given to recall and understand the impact of primacy and recency effects. The participants are both males and females, and the information is collected from 110 respondents.
Materials
The stimuli are known as an object to which a response is measured. Sensory stimuli are used as they are held in the short-term memory store, and they are rehearsed to store in the long-term memory; otherwise, the memory is lost. These are then used to understand the primary and secondary effects.
Procedure
The information is collected by assigning a list of words and analyzing whether the information is recalled effectively. For this purpose, different inferential and descriptive tests are used to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The information is kept confidential and anonymous, and any respondent has a right to withdraw from the research.
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Tables 1, 2, and 3 in the analysis state that females occupy over 90% of the percentage compared to 10% males. Most of the respondents to whom the analysis was conducted were aged 21-30. The immediate beginning memory recall and the immediate middle memory recall impacting the immediate primacy effect.
Table 1: Gender of the Respondents

Frequency

Percent

Females

100

90.9

Males

10

9.1


110

100.0

Table 2: Age of the Respondents

Frequency

Percent

21-30

101

91.82%

31-40

6

5.45%

41-50

2

1.82%

50-60

1

0.91%


110

100.0

Mean

24.81


Standard Deviation

5.5


Table 3: Beginning, Middle, and End

Mean

Immediate Beginning memory recall

0.6526

Immediate Middle memory recall

0.4582

Immediate End memory recall

0.5813

Delayed Beginning memory recall

0.6350

Delayed Middle memory recall

0.4028

Delayed End memory recall

0.4835

Overall Immediate memory recall

0.5640

Overall Delayed memory

0.5071

Figure 1: Histogram Overall Immediate Memory Recall
Figure 2: Overall Delayed Memory Recall
In Figures 1 and 2, two outliers are removed to determine th...