Research And Discuss The Four Levels Of Protein Structures

Life Sciences
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Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Include all the necessary labeling pertinent to the answer. Short Answer Questions:
1 Discuss the four levels of protein structures.
The Primary structure consists of a sequence of amino acids which are in polypeptide chain. The peptide bonds made during the process of biosynthesis are the ones that hold the Primary structure together.
There are two types of secondary protein structures which are the a-helix and the B- strand. The secondary structures are the highly regular local substructures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain.
The Tertiary structure only refers to a three dimensional structure made up of the monomeric and multimeric protein molecules. The two types of secondary structures are folded into a compact globular structure.
Quaternary Structure is made up of a three- dimensional structure containing an aggregation of more than one individual polypeptide chains. The chains are said to operate as a single functional unit.
2 Explain protein folding.
Protein folding is a process by which a protein chain is able to acquire its native 3-dimensional structure. The process is usually biologically functional carried out in rapid and reproducible manner.
3 What are the structural similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?
Differences
* The two are nucleic acids which contain the bases A, C, and G however the DNA has T while the RNA contains U. The difference arises because the DNA does not contain U while the RNA does not contain T.
* The RNA is single stranded while the DNA is double stranded
Similarities
* The two are nucleic acids found in the nucleus and they carry genetic information, and are acidic in nature.
* They both have a pentose sugar, either deoxyribose or ribose, covalently bonded to a phosphate group and one of the four nitrogenous bases.
4 Explain what 5’ and 3’ is with respect to DNA and RNA and its implications in molecular biology
5’ means the “five prime” while 3’ refers to the “three prime” and they are an indication of the DNA’s sugar backbone. The carbon phosphate group attached to it and the 3’ carbon a hydroxyl group (-OH). The ‘5 and 3’ provide a directional polarity to the DNA and the RNA molecules.
5 What are the different enzymes involved in DNA replication. Discuss briefly.
Helicase It uses the hydrolysis of ATP to unwind the DNA helix at the replication fork for the purpose of allowing the resulting single strands to be copied.
RNA Primase plays the role of attaching RNA primers to the replicating strands.
DNA Polymarase delta(a) joins to the 5’-3’ strand to bring nucleotides and create the daughter leading strand
DNA Polymerase epsilon (a) joins to the 3’-5’ strand to create discontinuous segments beginning from different RNA primers
Exonuclease (DNA Polymerase 1) The enzymes plays an important role of synthesizing nucleotides on the lagging strand therefore forming the Okakazi fragments.
DNA Ligase It is an enzyme that is in charge joining together okakazi fragments, which is an area that the DNA Pol 1 is unable to synthesize
Nucleases this enzyme helps in the removal of unwanted segment of nucleotides found in the DNA sequence
6. What are leading and lagging strands? Explain.
The leading strand is as a result of replication where the two DNA strands are separated. The strand is replicated continuously in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
The lagging strand on the other hand is replicated discontinuously in short sections.
1 What are the three main featur...