HCM 440. Integrated Review on the Rising Costs of Prescription Drugs
HCM 440 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Healthcare administrators, managers, and executives are responsible for planning, directing, and coordinating health services at various levels for thepopulations they serve. Interpreting research is integral to the role of a healthcare professional, especially when conducting a needs assessment for programplanning.
In this course, you will choose a clinical area of interest related to healthcare administration and create an annotated bibliography. For your final assessment,you will compose an integrated review. In this review, you will discuss the criteria necessary for inclusion or exclusion in the research study, critique the quality
of each study, and present a synthesis of the results.
This integrated review will address the following course outcomes:
1. Critique ethical issues in healthcare research for their influence on compliance with rules and regulations
2. Evaluate basic research strategies applicable to healthcare settings for informing research proposals
3. Assess the appropriateness of utilizing secondary databases in healthcare research as an alternative to conducting original research
4. Justify the selection of specific data analysis methodology in published healthcare research for informing healthcare research methodology
5. Select healthcare administration issues to research in validating the need for program evaluationPromptUsing the six peer-reviewed literature articles from your annotated bibliography, compose an integrated review that focuses on a clinical issue of interest.Ensure that the topic of this integrated review is viewed from the perspective of a healthcare professional who is looking to validate the need for programevaluation at your hospital, even if your annotated bibliography was not this focused.Specifically, your integrated review should focus on the following critical elements:I. AbstractCraft a well-drafted abstract. Be sure to adhere to the guidelines from the latest edition of the American Psychological Association’s style guide. Considerthe appropriate length for your audience.II. Introductiona) State the purpose, aims, or objectives of the integrated review. What do you wish to achieve through the drafting of this review? Be explicit inyour answer.b) Introduce the topic of interest. Why is this topic the focus of the review?c) What is the research question you are going to focus on? If you were to prepare a research proposal, what would your hypothesis be? Why?d) What variables are of interest to you? How will these variables help you throughout this integrated review? Be sure to label the types ofvariables each of these are.e) Discuss the background and significance of the problem to healthcare administration. III. Literature Searcha) What keywords and combinations were used in the initial search? Which were the most effective? Explain why these keywords andcombinations provided the most useful results.b) Which databases were searched? Why were these the chosen databases? Assess the characteristics that make these databases the mostreliable.c) Evaluate the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample. How did you decide to narrow the search and focus the review? How was the finalsample determined? Be sure to include your process.IV. Methodology Analysisa) What methodology was used in this research? Was it effective for the research question and hypothesis? Why or why not? Consider includingimprovements for the methodology.b) What statistical data analyses were employed in these articles? Were they appropriate for the research question and methodology? Why orwhy not?c) Evaluate the literature for any gaps that exist. Why do you think these gaps exist? Consider factors such as the location of the research, time theresearch was conducted, and so on.d) Evaluate the literature for inconsistencies that exist across the studies. Why do you think these inconsistencies exist? Consider factors such asthe location of the research, time the research was conducted, and so on.V. Synthesis and Interpretationa) Create an evidence table of your results. Be sure to include the following criteria for each study:1. Report citation2. Design3. Method4. Sample5. Data collection6. Data analysis7. Validity and reliabilityb) Compare and contrast the study findings. Be sure to include pertinent conclusions and statistical findings only.c) Evaluate the research strategies used in the articles, as applicable to healthcare programs. Was the research design appropriate for the studyconducted? Was the statistical analysis employed the best choice for the research questions posed?d) What ethical issues are pertinent specifically to healthcare research? How can these issues influence the research strategies chosen toinvestigate clinical topics? Evaluate these research articles and consider how ethical concerns may have limited these clinical investigations.e) What patterns and trends exist in the research? What generalizations can you draw from the research?f) If secondary data was utilized, was the source biased or objective? Why? If original research was conducted, do you think the researchers werebiased or objective? Why? Be sure to support your answer.g) Synthesize the main findings of the research articles. What were the hypotheses of the research studies? Did the research add any new scholarlyinformation to the existing body of knowledge?h) Assess whether utilizing secondary data as an alternative to the researchers’ original research would have been a feasible option. If it had beenan option, what resource(s) would be the most appropriate to use? What would be some of the strengths and limitations of using secondarydata?i) Assess the literature for any ethical concerns that may be present. Consider things such as conflicts of interest between the researcher and thestudy sponsors, or the lack of an IRB approval for the study.VI. Conclusiona) What are the studies’ strengths? Are there patterns in the articles that you chose regarding their strengths?b) What are the studies’ limitations? Are there patterns in the articles that you chose regarding their limitations?c) Were the findings and conclusions reliable and valid? Why or why not? Logically support your answers.d) What are the implications of this research? How will it influence your topic in the overall large picture of healthcare research?MilestonesAnnotated BibliographyThis milestone is due in Module Four. Submit a summary and analysis of six research articles relevant to the research problem that you have chosen. Thismilestone is graded with the Annotated Bibliography Rubric.Integrated ReviewThe final project is due in Module Eight. Using the six peer-reviewed literature articles from your annotated bibliography, compose an integrated review thatfocuses on a clinical issue of interest. Ensure that the topic of this integrated review is viewed from the perspective of a healthcare professional who is looking tovalidate the need for program evaluation at your hospital. Remember to use APA format. This final project is graded with the Final Project Rubric.
Within the rubric it states to use the 6 scholarly articles included within my annotated bibliography, I have also included that however I only have 3 scholarly articles. I will need 3 additional scholarly articles.
Here are some additional instructions:
Use Headers and sub-headers in your paper to keep you on track
Abstract should be on a single page
Please ensure you have your problem and scope with references to support
Your research question and variables labeled as independent and dependent
Provide examples of your methods, data collection, and statistical tests
Address or identify any ethical issues
Use the rubric to help identify the remaining sections...
Use APA format, double space your content and references, also citations must be present
Use hanging indent for your reference list, all references in your list must be cited in your paper,
Please ensure you have a data table even when using qualitative study.
I would like to add that my average grade in this class has been about a B. Don't stress on this being perfect! Having a flawless paper wouldn't be consistent with my work. Thank you!
Integrated Review on the Rising Costs of Prescription Drugs
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Integrated Review on the Rising Costs of Prescription Drugs
Abstract
The increasing prices of prescription drugs significantly influence the quality of patient care. Many insurers do not cater to their members’ pharmaceutical drug expenses. As such, sick individuals might be diagnosed by physicians and prescribed the medicines, they should take. However, not all of them manage to buy complete doses since some prescription drugs are expensive. That is the reason why I conducted research to determine what causes the medication prices to hike and what can be done to reverse the trend. For this reason, the paper analyzes different scholarly articles on the subject of the hiking costs of medications, and through the findings, it is clear that high prices of medicines are a significant barrier to the quality of patient care.
Introduction
Purpose
The primary objective of this research paper is to find the factors that contribute to the rising costs of prescription drugs and solutions to this issue.
Topic
The topic of my interest is “the rising costs of prescription drugs.” This topic is the focus of my review since without patients getting the right medicines, they cannot recover from their health problems.
Research Question
My primary research question is how the prices of prescription medicines can be controlled to ensure that many patients can afford them. My hypothesis is: the rising cost of medicines hinders many patients from accessing drugs that they are prescribed by their physicians, which prolongs their period of recovery.
Variables
The independent variable is the increasing prices of prescription drugs, while the dependent variable is the patient’s recovery period.
Background
Since the issue of increasing costs of medication has been there for a long period, the paper focuses on how it can be eliminated to improve healthcare services.
Literature Search
Keywords and Combinations
The keywords and phrases used to search the most appropriate peer-reviewed journals include the following:
The increasing cost of prescription drugs.
Causes of the rising medication prices.
Why not all patients access the right prescription drugs.
Medication costs and its effect on patients.
Pharmacists influence on the cost of medicines.
Factors hindering patients to access the right medication.
State and federal policies that regulate the medications’ costs.
Databases
The most significant part that affects the quality of research is the choice of articles. For this reason, a researcher should select the right databases to ensure that the sources used are credible, reliable, and accurate. In my search for the peer-reviewed articles that are used in this paper, the databases that I used to get my sources are Google Scholar, Medline, EBSCOhost, PubMed, and ERIC. These databases contain credible sources that cannot mislead a researcher who wants to gain relevant information to solve existing problems in the healthcare sector. Many articles in these archives are conducted by scholars and reviewed by experts in the field of medicine before they are published for use to ensure that the data they contain is accurate and that they follow the standard procedure.
Inclusion and Exclusion
The topic of the rising prices of prescription drugs is broad. As such, I narrowed my research by focusing on the causes of the problem and the feasible solutions. My primary objective is to understand how patients are affected by the increasing costs of medications and how the issue can be addressed to promote the quality of patient care (Gronde, Groot, & Pieters, 2017). Consequently, the determination of the final sample was based on the factors that lead to the rise of the costs of prescription drugs.
Methodology Analysis
Methodology
The research methodology utilized in my study is a qualitative method. In this methodology, a researcher finds other studies performed in the last few years, which relate to his or her subject of concentration. For example, my research question is on factors that cause the costs of medication to rise, hence hindering patients from accessing the right prescription drugs (Furlow, 2018). In this case, the most effective strategy to answer the above question is by using the right keywords and phrases to search for articles in that field. Afterward, one must go through all selected journals to choose the ones that are on point. For an individual to improve this methodology, one can perform interviews or surveys of patients and pharmacists to determine how the rising cost of medicines affects the quality of patient care.
Statistical Data Analysis
The statistical analysis methods used in the articles are the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. They ensure that the researcher supports his or her arguments with the data collected about a particular subject. The statistical data analysis strategies were appropriate for my research question and the methodology applied in this research. By using the results obtained from different peer-reviewed sources, one can get accurate information about what causes the prices of prescription drugs to increase. Moreover, it is possible to suggest an appropriate solution to the problem when one has the right data.
Gaps
Several gaps in the literature exist, which were caused by different timeframes of when the researches were conducted, the location, and demographics. For example, the factors that contributed to the rise in the cost of medicine in 2017 might be different from the current problems. Moreover, different demographics are affected by unique issues that are absent somewhere else. For example, adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years might say that they cannot afford some prescription drugs since they are not employed, which may not be one of the reasons stated by individuals aged from 40 to 50 years.
Inconsistencies
The literature inconsistencies across different studies are caused by time, which refers to the period when the research was performed. For example, Lubloy et al. (2017) assert that the collaborative relationship between specialists and general practitioners affect the cost of drugs (Lublуy, Keresztъri, & Benedek, 2017). In 2017, the above statement was true. However, in 2019, Digmann & Farley (2019) portray that clinical services and the pharmacist care management are the ones who come up with a plan, which might facilitate the increasing costs of medications (Digmann & Farley, 2019).
Synthesis and Interpretation
Evidence Table
Report CitationDesignMethodSampleData CollectionData Analysis...
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