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Complex case analysis • Create a hypothetical patient profile for a patient who has multiple sclerosis and your second selected comorbidity ( overactive bladder).

Other (Not Listed) Instructions:
• Create a hypothetical patient profile for a patient with multiple sclerosis and your second selected comorbidity ( overactive bladder). Be sure to include patient factors, sociodemographic indicators, and other characteristics. • Review the Resources related to multiple sclerosis and the second disorder you selected. Write a 3- to 4-page complex case analysis that addresses the following: • Explain the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and your selected comorbidity. Explain how the alterations of each comorbid disorder impact each other. Be specific. Use the Learning Resources and/or best available evidence from current literature to support your explanation. • Explain how your patient’s factors and sociodemographic indicators might affect the pathophysiology of the disorders. • Describe the types of health assessments and diagnostic reasoning you would apply to this patient. Discuss special considerations related to gender, ethnicity, developmental level, etc., that you may need to consider and what effect they might have on assessment or treatment. • Explain any compensatory mechanisms (adaptive and maladaptive responses) the patient may be displaying. • Explain the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication(s) you would recommend to treat the symptoms associated with the patient’s comorbidities, taking into consideration this specific patient’s factors. • Explain how potential interactions between the medications that might be prescribed to treat the patient's comorbid conditions justify the selection of the medications for this patient. Use the Learning Resources and/or best available evidence from current literature to support your rationale. • Explain how these drugs might impact various body systems in your patient, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative effects. • Explain how you might educate your patient on the disorders present, taking into consideration age, developmental level, or other important factors that may impact understanding. Include your rationale for each approach, as well as how you would promote medication adherence. Use the Learning Resources and/or best available evidence from current literature to support your rationale. Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides(dot)waldenu(dot)edu/writingcenter/templatesLinks to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting. RESOURCES Arcangelo, V., Peterson, A., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach 4th Edition by Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. Copyright 2016 by LWW. Reprinted by permission of LWW via the Copyright Clearance Center. • Chapter 34, “Overactive Bladder” (pp. 545–564) McCance, K., & Huether, S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby. • Chapter 38, “Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic System” (pp. 1228–1245) • Chapter 39, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function” (pp. 1246–1277) • • American Academy of Neurology. (2019). Policy and guidelines: Multiple sclerosisLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www(dot)aan(dot)com/Guidelines/home/ByTopic?topicId=18 Note: This link brings you to a list of search results for multiple sclerosis policy and guidelines. Scroll down to see the results. • Huang, W. J., Chen, W. W., & Zhang, X. (2017). Multiple sclerosis: Pathology, diagnosis and treatmentsLinks to an external site.. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13(6), 3163–3166. https://go(dot)openathens(dot)net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi(dot)org/10.3892/etm.2017.4410 • National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (n.d.). MedicationsLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 12, 2019, from https://www(dot)nationalmssociety(dot)org/Treating-MS/Medications • Zephir, H. (2018). Progress in understanding the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosisLinks to an external site.. Revue Neurologique, 174(6), 358–363.
Other (Not Listed) Sample Content Preview:
Complex Case Analysis Author’s Name: Institution of Affiliation: Course Name: Instructor’s Name: Date: Complex Case Analysis Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder where the individual's body's immune system attacks its nerve cells' protective covering within the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord, known as myelin. On the other hand, an overactive bladder is a condition where the person suffers from urinary urgency, which is usually hard to control. This paper will analyze a patient with multiple sclerosis and overactive bladder, the pathophysiology of every condition, and how these conditions affect the patient. Furthermore, it discusses the patient’s health assessments, pharmacological treatment, and potential drug interactions, among other critical conditions. Patient Profile Name: Emily Thatcher Age: 44 Sex: Female Weight: 130 Pounds Height: 5.4 Inches Ethnicity: Caucasian Occupation: Personal Assistant Residence: West Virginia Living Condition: She is living with her husband and four children Medical History: She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis four years ago. She was also diagnosed with an overactive bladder six months ago. Current Medication: Interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis and Oxybutynin for overactive bladder Lifestyle Factors: sedentary lifestyles, alcohol consumption, and highly processed foods Pathophysiology Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis includes recurrent inflammation in the CNS (central nervous system), which damages the myelin sheath surrounding the axons and axons (Huang et al., 2017). This damage causes the lesion according to the central nervous system location. The lesion can cause the person to experience pain, numbness, fatigue, or tingling in varying body parts. The person can also suffer from cognitive impairments and coordinating and balancing problems. Overactive bladder Overactive bladder includes a frequent and uncontrollable urinating urge that causes incontinence (Fontaine et al., 2021). Acetylcholine leakage from the parasympathetic nerve terminal can cause detrusor motion, activating the sensory afferent fibers and causing a person to experience an urgency sensation. Overactive bladder can be idiopathic or caused by infections, neurological disorders, or even some medications. Multiple Sclerosis and Overactive Bladder Interaction Patients who commonly experience multiple sclerosis typically experience nerve signal disruption due to demyelination, a condition that can addict the bladder functioning. Moreover, the lesions affecting the central nervous areas, such as the spinal cord, can affect the brain and bladder coordination, causing overactive bladder symptoms. On the other hand, the overactive bladder urination urgency and frequency can cause the multiple sclerosis patients to experience fatigue and stress, worsening their condition. Patient Factors and Sociodemographic Indicators Impact on Pathophysiology * Ethnicity: Caucasians have high multiple sclerosis conditions, which matches Emily's condition. * Age and Gender: Most females at a young age have Multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, an overac...
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